Table 1 TLS opposite DNA lesions by mammalian one and two-polymerase mechanisms

Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site

TLS Pol β/κ/θ/η/λ/μ/δ+PCNA

same Pol

Mutagenic [184, 185, 189, 62, 186, 191]

[187, 188, 190, 191]

REV1

(Pol η; Pol δ/PCNA)

Mutagenic [191]

TLS Pol ι

(Pol η; Pol δ/PCNA)

Mutagenic [191]

7, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-G)

TLS Pol ι/κ/μ

same Pol

Accurate [197]/Mutagenic [196, 190]

TLS Pol β/λ/η

ND

Mutagenic/Accurate (+PCNA and RPA) [198, 199]

Thymine glycol (Tg)

TLS Pol κ

TLS Pol ζ

Accurate [201]

TLS Pol ν

same Pol

Accurate (5S-Tg); Mutagenic (5R-Tg) [51]

TLS Pol β/λ

same Pol

Mutagenic [200]

TLS Pol θ

ND

Mutagenic [62]

[6-4]photoproduct ([6-4]PP)

ND

TLS Pol ζ

Accurate? [205]

TLS Pol ι

TLS Pol θ

Mutagenic [70, 205]

TLS Pol η

ND

Mutagenic [51, 205]

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)

TLS Pol η

same Pol

Accurate [51, 208, 209]

TLS Pol μ

TLS Pol ζ

Accurate [190]

TLS Pol ι

TLS Pol ζ

Mutagenic [160]

TLS Pol κ

TLS Pol ζ

Mutagenic [160]

ND

TLS Pol ζ

Mutagenic [160]

Benzo[α]pyrene-guanine (BP-G)

TLS Pol κ/η/ND

TLS Pol ζ

Accurate/Mutagenic/Accurate? [64]

TLS Pol κ/μ

same Pol

Mutagenic [190, 211]

Intrastrand-crosslink

TLS Pol η

same Pol; Pol ζ/REV1

Accurate [186, 213, 64, 105]

Pol β/ζ/μ

same Pol

Mutagenic [122, 212, 64, 214, 215]

TLS Pol κ

TLS Pol ζ

Mutagenic [64]

Interstrand-crosslink (ICL)

Recombination-independent ICL repair including NER, REV1 and TLS Pol ζ

Mutagenic [221]

Recombination-dependent ICL repair including NER, REV1, TLS Pol ν and ζ

Mutagenic [76, 104, 222]