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Figure 4 | Cancer Cell International

Figure 4

From: Metformin impairs growth of endometrial cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and concomitant autophagy and apoptosis

Figure 4

Metformin triggers autophagy in Ishikawa cells. (A) Ishikawa cells were incubated with metformin (0, 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 mM) for 48 h. The presence of acridine orange-stained intracellular vesicles was demonstrated by fluorescent microscopy (lower panel) and flow cytometry, showing an increase in red fluorescence (FL3) intensity (upper panel). (B) Autophagy was quantified by measuring the percentage of cells with bright red fluorescence (FL3-positive cells; data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent measurements, *p < 0.05). (C) Immunoblot analysis of LC3 conversion and p62 levels in Ishikawa cells treated with metformin (0, 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 mM). (D and E) Densitometric quantitation of LC3B-II/LC3B-I and p62/actin protein expression ratios are shown as fold changes. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. untreated cells.

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