Table 3 The factors associated with activation of NF-κB transcription factor [37] and [42].

• Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6)

• Bacterial lipopolysaccharides

• Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)

• Cross-linking surface CD2, CD3, CD28 and T-cell receptors.

• Proteins secreted by viruses, for example, tax, X, E1A

• Viral infections, for example, HIV-1, Hepatitis B, HSV, HTLV-1

• Antigenic stimulants for the T and B-cells receptors

• Ultraviolet light exposure

• X-irradiation

• Nitric oxide

• Hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents

• Calcium ionophores