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Table 1 The Elemental concentrations in μg/ml of five different groups. The Values given in column 2 are the certified concentrations (reference standard A13) of various elements.

From: Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) Analysis and DNA-chain Break study in rat hepatocarcinogenesis: A possible chemopreventive role by combined supplementation of vanadium and beta-carotene

Elements Detected (in μg/ml)

Certified Value

A (Normal)

B (DENA Control)

C (DENA+V)

D (DENA+BC)

E (DENA+V+BC)

K

2500 ± 350

3714 ± 0.03a

5440.6 ± 0.02b

3810.5 ± 0.04c

3805.0 ± 0.04c

3782.5 ± 0.01d

Ca

286 ± 53

269.7 ± 0.07

119.1 ± 0.03b

242.5 ± 0.02c

247.6 ± 0.02c

261.9 ± 0.022d

Mn

1.4 ± 1

1.6 ± 0.06

2.0 ± 0.05b

1.5 ± 0.023c

1.8 ± 0.01c

1.6 ± 0.01d

Fe

356 ± 150

370.5 ± 0.04

577.5 ± 0.04b

392.7 ± 0.03c

387.0 ± 0.06c

379.8 ± 0.02d

Cu

2.3 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.06

0.89 ± 0.05b

0.98 ± 0.06c

0.96 ± 0.02c

1.2 ± 0.01d

Zn

13.0 ± 10

18.9 ± 0.01

9.0 ± 0.06e

17.9 ± 0.02f

17.3 ± 0.04f

18.4 ± 0.04g

Se

0.24 ± 0.5

0.18 ± 0.04

0.19 ± 0.03b

0.10 ± 0.07c

0.16 ± 0.05c

0.18 ± 0.07d

Pb

0.18 ± 0.01

0.21 ± 0.03

0.25 ± 0.04m

0.22 ± 0.02n

0.24 ± 0.03n

0.22 ± 0.03l

  1. aValues are mean ± S.E. of five different run using different sets of targets.
  2. bp < 0.01 as compared with group A,
  3. cp < 0.01 as compared with group B,
  4. dp < 0.001 as compared with group B.
  5. ep < 0.005 as compared with group A,
  6. fp < 0.01 as compared with group B,
  7. gp < 0.005 as compared with group B.
  8. mp < 0.001 as compared with group A,
  9. np < 0.05 as compared with group B,
  10. lp < 0.005 as compared with group B.