Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) Analysis and DNA-chain Break study in rat hepatocarcinogenesis: A possible chemopreventive role by combined supplementation of vanadium and beta-carotene

Table 2 Effect of vanadium and beta-Carotene on the number of single-strand breaks/DNA fragment in rat liver 18–20 h after a single injection of DEN

Group	*Treatment*	Percentage of Double-strand DNA	Number of single-strand breaks/DNA fragment	Inhibition (%)
A	Normal	93.56	0.07 ± 0.02^a
B	DENA Control	31.68	1.32 ± 0.01 ^b
C	DENA+V	47.23	0.58 ± 0.01 ^c	56.06
D	DENA+BC	52.87	0.54 ± 0.04 ^c	59.09
E	DENA+V+BC	64.73	0.48 ± 0.023 ^d	63.6

The mean values of the number of the single-strand breaks/DNA fragment for Vanadium control (group c) was 0.07 ± 0.01; for β-carotene control (group d), 0.08 ± 0.01 and the Vanadium and beta-carotene control (group e), 0.10 ± 0.01. No statistical significance could be observed between these drug controls when compared with normal vehicle control (Group A).
^aValues are means ± S.E of 5 rats (each rat liver genomic was tested in triplicate)
^bp < 0.01 as compared with group A,
^cp < 0.01 as compared with group B,
^dp < 0.005 as compared with group B.

ISSN: 1475-2867