Table 2 Anticancer properties of XNT
From: Xanthorrhizol: a review of its pharmacological activities and anticancer properties
Types of cancer | Description | References |
|---|---|---|
Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, T47D, YMB-1, MDA-MB-453 and SK-BR-3 cells) | Induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis against MDA-MB-231 (↑ caspase-3, -9, cytochrome c and ↓ PARP-1) and MCF-7 cell apoptosis (↑ p53, ↓ Bcl-2 and PARP-1); acted as partial estrogen antagonist against T47D cell line | |
Colon cancer (HCT116 cells) | Induced cell cycle arrest (G0/G1, G2/M phase and increased sub-G1 peaks); mitochondrial pathway apoptosis (↑ caspase-8, -9 and-3), tBID and ↓ Bcl-XL protein, cleavage of PARP; ↑ NAG-1 may inactivate Akt pathway and subsequently suppressed GSK3β and mTOR | [65] |
Cervical cancer (HeLa cells) | Induced p53 and Bax-dependent apoptosis, but not Bcl-2 and E6 | [61] |
Liver cancer (HepG2 cells) | Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis(↑ p53 ↓ Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL), but not Bax; caspase activation (caspase-3 and -9, not -7) involved tBid; cleavage of PARP and DFF45/ICAD proteins | |
Skin cancer (HM3KO cells; TPA-induced tumor promotion in DMBA-initiated mouse skin) | Induced apoptosis in HM3KO cells; decreased tumor multiplicity and tumor incidence in DMBA-initiated mouse skin, suppressed ODC, COX-2 and iNOS expression through NF-kB (blocking IkBα degradation) and or Akt, inactivated ERK, p38, JNK and Akt | |
Lung cancer (spontaneous mouse lung metastasis model) | Downregulation of MMP and COX-2 in MAPK/ERK pathway (decreased COX-2, MMP-9 and phosphorylated ERK); attenuated expression of JNK and p38; counteracted the effect of Raf-1 | [41] |
Tongue cancer (Tca8113 cells) | Induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and SÂ +Â G2/M phase; downregulated the protein expression of Bcl-2, but not Bax | [66] |
Oral cancer (SCC-15 OSCC cells; DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters) | Caspase-independent apoptosis through ROS-mediated p38 MAPK and JNK activation in SCC-15 OSCC cells; inhibited the tumors number in buccal pouches in hamsters treated with DMBA | [67] |
Esophageal cancer (TE-1 and TE-4 cells) | Reduced p-Akt and cyclin D1 expression; increased caspase-3 expression | [68] |
Sarcoma 180 ascites | Lack of mechanism studies | [64] |
Ovarian cancer (CaOV-3 cells) | Cytotoxic (lack of accessible information) | [62] |