Table 1 General overview of the 22 TSGs that contribute to PTX-resistance
From: Tumor suppressor genes and their underlying interactions in paclitaxel resistance in cancer therapy
TSG abbreviation | Full name of the TSGs | Status | Regulation manner | Pathway associated with resistance | Type of cancer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRCA1 | Breast cancer 1 | Spindle-assembly checkpoint [15] Microtubule dynamic [16] MEKK3 activity [17] | JNK/SAPK and p38/MAPK pathway [17] | Ovarian cancer [13] HNSCC [14] NSCLC [16] | |
TP53 | Tumor protein p53 | Mutation [26] | G1 phase arrest [22] Apoptosis [24] | Apoptosis [24] | NSCLC [22] |
PTEN | Phosphatase and tension homolog | Cyclin B1 activity [34] MiR-22 [35] | ESCC [34] Colon cancer [35] | ||
APC | Adenomatous polyposis coli | Mutation [38] | MDR1 [38] miR-135a [40] | Breast cancer [38] NSCLC [40] | |
p21/CDKN1A | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A | Protein level [48] | Cell cycle [48] | Cell cycle, Apoptosis [48] | Melanoma [48] |
p16/CDKN2A | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A | Protein level [49] | Cell cycle [49] | Cell cycle [49] | Triple-negative breast cancer [49] |
FRMD6/hEx | FERM domain-containing protein 6 | Protein level [8] | Cell cycle [8] | Cell cycle [8] | Breast cancer [8] |
RASSF1 | Ras association domain-containing protein 1 | Methylation [54] | Cell growth [53] | Cell cycle [53] | Ovarian cancer [53] |
YAP | Yes-associated protein 1 | deletion [55] | Cell cycle [55] | Cell cycle [55] | Breast cancer [55] |
ING4 | Inhibitor of growth 4 | Protein level [56] | Bcl-2/Bax ratio [56] | Apoptosis, Cell cycle [56] | Lung cancer [51] |
BAX | BCL2-associated X protein | mRNA level [57] | Bcl-2/Bax ratio [57] | Apoptosis [57] | Breast cancer [57] |
HIN-1/SCGB3A1 | High in normal-1 | Methylation [9] | Apoptosis [9] | PI3K/AKT pathway [9] | Ovarian cancer [9] |
PLK2 | Polo-like kinase 2 | Methylation [58] | G2/M phase checkpoint [58] | Cell cycle, apoptosis [58] | Ovarian cancer [58] |
LZTS1/FEZ1 | Leucine zipper tumor suppressor 1 | Ovarian cancer [59] Breast cancer [60] | |||
FBXW7/FBW7 | F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 | Mutation [62] | Ubiquitination [62] | Ubiquitination [62] | Ovarian cancer [62] |
ZMYND10/BLU | zinc finger MYND type containing 10 | Methylation [63] | |||
TGFBI | Transforming growth factor-β-induced | NSCLC [66] Ovarian cancer [67] | |||
REST | RE-1 silencing transcription factor | Protein level [70] | TUBB3[70] | PI3K/AKT pathway [70] | Ovarian cancer [70] |
FADD | Fas-associated death domain protein | Apoptosis [71] Cell cycle [72] | JNK/SAPK pathway [72] | Prostate cancer [72] | |
PDCD4 | Programmed cell death 4 | Mir-182 [74] | Cell growth [74] Cell cycle [75] | Ovarian cancer [74] Cervical carcinoma [75] | |
ING1 | Inhibitor of growth 1 | Protein level [76] | Apoptosis [76] | p53-dependent pathway [76] | Osteosarcoma [76] |
PinX1 | PIN2/TRF1 interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 | Protein level [77] | Spindle-assembly checkpoint [77] | Cell cycle [77] | Cervical carcinoma [77] |