Fig. 1

Proposed therapeutic actions of xenogeneic cells on cancers. a Progressive tumors in tissues impair tissue function, generate non-healing or overhealing wounds with neo-angiogenesis, induce chronic inflammation along with inflammatory mediators and are often infiltrated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells to create an immuno-suppressive microenvironment with the help of T cell checkpoint inhibition. b Transplanted xenogeneic cells of the same tissue origin could restore impaired tissue function, promote wound healing to reduce inflammation and induce immunological rejection responses to revive the immuno-suppressive microenvironment to immno-active one for rejecting both xenogeneic cells and tumor cells by the collaboration of CD4+ T helper cells cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, NK, and NK T cells as well as a set of anti-tumors cytokines, resulting in tumor regression. c Tissues return homeostasis with resolution of inflammation and healed wound. Tumors shrink and the innate immune cells and primed adaptive immune cells survey the tissues to contain the tumor growth by recognizing and eliminating newly formed tumor cells and remaining tumor cells