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Table 1 Ligands and inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases

From: Crosstalk between VEGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases for TKI therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Protein tyrosine kinase

Ligand

Monoclonal antibody of ligand

Representative TKI

VEGFR

VEGF (A, -B, -C, -D, -E)

Bevacizumab, aflibercept, ramucirumab (anti-VEGFR2)

Sorafenib, sunitinib, axitinib, pazopanib

EGFR

EGF, TGFα, HB-EGF, amphiregulin, epiregulin, epigen, β-cellulin, NRG 2 β

Nimotuzumab, panitumumab, cetuximab, necitumumab (anti-EGFR)

Erlotinib, afatinib, osimertinib, sapitinib

PDGFR

PDGF

Olaratumab (anti-PDGFRα)

Imatinib, pazopanib

c-MET (HGFR)

HGF

 

Cabozantinib [19], crizotinib

HER2

 

Trastuzumab,ramucirumab, pertuzumab

Lapatinib, sapitinib

IGF-1R

IGF-1

 

Linsitinib, GSK1904529A

FGFR

FGF

 

Nintedanib, NVP-BGJ398

FLT3

FLT3 ligand

 

Quizartinib, dovitinib

c-Kit

Stem cell factor

 

Dovitinib, pazopanib

Tie-2

Angiopoietin

 

Pexmetinib

c-RET

GDNF, neurturin, artemin, persephin

 

Regorafenib

TAM receptor

Gas6, protein S

 

Sitravatinib

CSF-1R

CSF-1

 

Linifanib

Ephrin receptor

Ephrins

 

Sitravatinib

Trk receptor

BDNF, NGF

 

Sitravatinib, larotrectinib

ACK

  

XMD8-87 [20]

Src

  

Bosutinib

ALK

  

Crizotinib