Table 3 Factors, genes or proteins involved in TKI resistance
Resistance type | Factors | Genes | Proteins |
|---|---|---|---|
Intrinsic resistance | High glucose uptake | Tumour suppressor gene loss, polymorphism or mutation, such as VHL, TP53, PTEN, EGFR T790M and so on | TP53, BIM, HIF, P-gp, MDR1, GSTs, MRP and so on |
Acquired resistance | Exosomes; lncRNA-SRLR and lncRNA-ARSR; miRNA 451, 221, 30a and so on [90]; EMT | Crosstalk, bypass and downstream signal activation or amplification (such as PI3K/AKT pathway) | IL-8, VEGFR-3, KRAS, BRAF, PDGFR, EGFR, FGFR, c-MET, AXL and so on |