Fig. 3

Melatonin further impaired TNF-α-mediated mitochondrial metabolism disorder in HeLa cells. a ATP production was measured in HeLa cells treated with melatonin and/or TNF-α. b–e Western blotting was used to detect the alterations of mitochondrial respiratory complex. Melatonin had the ability to further reduce the contents of mitochondrial respiratory complex when compared to the TNF-α group. f, g Mitochondrial state 3 and state 4 respiratory rate was measured to reflect the mitochondrial energy metabolism efficiency. h, i ELISA was used to measure the content of glucose uptake and lactate production under TNF-α and/or melatonin treatment. *P < 0.05 vs. ctrl group, ^#P < 0.05 vs. TNF-α group