Fig. 2

DKK1 overexpression attenuated the ability of migration and invasion in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. a Western blot of DKK1 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after transfected with empty vector or pIRES2-DKK1 plasmid. Note that DKK1 was overexpressed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after transfected pIRES2-DKK1 plasmid. Results are presented as mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001 compared to the empty vector group, ^###p < 0.001 compared to the naive group, n = 5 per group, one-way ANOVA. Naïve: untreated group, Empty: empty vector group, DKK1: DKK1 overexpressed group. Wound scratch assay showed overexpression of DKK1 attenuated cell migration in MCF-7 (b) and MDA-MB-231 (c) cells. Left: representative images of wound scratch. Right: histograms represent the analysis of the wound healing rate. Results are presented as mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the empty vector group, ^###p < 0.001 compared to the naive group, n = 5 per group, one-way ANOVA. Naïve: untreated group, Empty: empty vector group, DKK1: DKK1 overexpressed group. Transwell chamber coated with Matrigel assay suggested overexpression of DKK1 attenuated the cell number invaded through Matrigel in MCF-7 (d) and MDA-MB-231 cells (e). Left: representative images of transwell assay. Right: histograms represent the analysis of the number of invaded cells. Results are presented as mean ± SEM, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the empty vector group, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 compared to the naive group, n = 5 per group, one-way ANOVA. Naïve: untreated group, Empty: empty vector group, DKK1: DKK1 overexpressed group