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Table 1 Features and immunoprofile of the published case reports

From: Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare?

Sex/age

Symptoms

Location

Enhancement

Tumour features

Pathology

Outcome

Marker profile

Reference

Female 31

Right-sided anosmia, generalised seizures

Anterior cranial fossa, attached to the olfactory groove

Heterogeneous

Irregular, avascular, cystic-solid, capsulated tumour with calcified nodules. 6.5 cm diameter. Bone erosion

Spindle-shaped cells in a wavy cellular arrangement. Distorted and twisted nuclei

Complete removal. Uneventful

S100 +

EMA −

Leu7 −

[5]

Male

42

Normal olfactory function,

generalised seizures

Anterior cranial fossa (left subfrontal region), arising from the left olfactory bulb

Heterogeneous

Round, cystic-solid fibrous tumour

Spindle-shaped cells, fibrous cords. Curved vesicular nuclei with ill-defined cytoplasmic margins

Complete removal. Uneventful

S100 +

EMA –

GFAP –

SMA –

Leu7 –

[57]

Male

32

Olfactory function not mentioned, seizures

Anterior cranial fossa (left frontal base)

Heterogeneous

Round, solid, greyish-white tumour with a glistening appearance and rubbery consistency. 3.6 × 3.3 × 3.9 cm

Spindle-shaped cells, fibrous cords. Ovoid, elongated, normochromatic, comma-shaped nuclei.

Interrupted deposits of basal lamina in the cellular membrane

Complete removal. Uneventful.

S100 + (80% of cells)

Leu7 –

Calretinin – Podoplanin –

EMA –

GFAP –

[58]

Female 28

Anosmia, focal seizures

Anterior cranial fossa

Heterogeneous

Greyish-white, irregular, cloudy, solid. 4 × 3.5 × 2.5 cm

Well-circumscribed tumour with elongated spindle-shaped cells, fibrous cords. Moderate nuclear pleomorphism

Complete removal. Anosmia

S100 +

Synaptophysin +

EMA –

Leu7 –

[56]

Female 30

Right-sided anosmia, headache

Anterior cranial fossa, intradural, extra-axial space and attached to the right cribriform plate

Homogenous

Round, solid 4 cm diameter.

Cells formed patterns of compact fascicular Antoni A areas (resembling Schwannoma) with palisading nuclei

Complete removal. Olfactory function was not restored

S100 +

EMA –

Leu7 –

[63]

Female

41

Anosmia, headache

Olfactory mucosa; olfactory cleft extending superiorly to the olfactory groove

Heterogeneous

Irregular, cystic tumour. Bone defect in the skull base

Spindle-shaped cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and elongated or wavy nuclei with occasional symplastic changes

Subtotal resection. Uneventful

S100 +

Neuron-specific enolase +

Synaptophysin + (weakly)

EMA –

Leu7 –

[64]

Male

49

Hyposmia, visual impairment

Anterior cranial fossa

Homogenous

Round, cystic-solid tumour, eroding the right cribriform plate

Unknown

Complete removal. Uneventful

S100 +

EMA –

Leu7 –

[55]

Male

20

Normal olfaction, headache, generalized seizures

Anterior cranial fossa

Heterogeneous

The tumour grew towards the left olfactory groove and compressed the left frontal cortex. Greyish-red, vascular tumour. Cystic necrosis inside the tumour. 3.4 × 2.6 × 5.0 cm

Spindle-shaped cells were predominantly arranged in compact fascicles or fibrous cords and a few cells were arranged in whorls

Complete removal, hyposmia

Vimentin +

S100 +

EMA –

Leu7 –

[60]

Female

45

Olfactory function not mentioned, foreign body sensation

Anterior cranial fossa.

Heterogeneous

Irregular, cystic tumour

6.2 × 6.0 × 4.0 cm

Spindle-shaped cells. Compact, fascicular Antoni A areas as well as Antoni B areas

Complete removal. Uneventful

S100 +

Leu7 –

GFAP –

EMA –

[61]

Female

34

Hyposmia, dizziness,

emotional lability

Anterior cranial fossa

Homogenous

Well-defined cystic, greyish-red mass, 3.1 cm diameter

Spindle cells with eosinophilic protoplasm, tadpole-shaped nucleus

Complete removal. Uneventful

Vimentin +

S100 +

EMA –

GFAP –

Leu7 –

[59]

Female

40

Left-sided anosmia, migraine, headaches

Anterior cranial fossa, olfactory groove adjacent to the left inferior anterior frontal lobe

Heterogeneous

3.2 cm diameter

Spindle cell neoplasm characterized by extensive palisading and prominent Antoni A (Verocay bodies) and Antoni B areas

Complete removal.

Left-sided anosmia

S100 +

Type IV collagen +

Leu7 –

EMA –

[62]

  1. +: positive; cell is expressing marker; –: negative; cell is not expressing marker; S100: S100 protein (glial marker); Leu7 (CD57 or HNK-1): suggested marker for Schwann cells but not OECs; EMA: Epithelial membrane antigen; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; SMA: Smooth muscle actin