Table 2 Summary of studies on CTCs in precision medicine

Oncogene validation

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)

TGFβ1, SNAIL1

[126, 127]

Metastasis

FABP, CEACAM5

[128]

Stem cell phenotype

CD24, CD44, CD133, ALDH1

[127]

Cell proliferation

RRM1, MAPK14

[126]

Targeted therapy

Changing biomarker

HER2, EGFR

[129, 130]

Signaling pathway

AKT1, AKT2, PIK3R1, PTEN

[131]

Drug screening

Biomarkers of therapeutic resistance

RAS, BRAF (colorectal cancer)

[132]

AR (prostate cancer)

[30]

Biomarkers of drug sensitivity

ER (endocrine therapy)

[133]

ERCC1 (chemotherapy)

[134]

PD1 (immune therapy)

[48]