Fig. 3

Construction of the prognostic RS model in the training cohort. a Selection of the tuning parameter (lambda) in the LASSO model by tenfold cross-validation based on minimum criteria for 1-year recurrence; the lower X axis shows the log (lambda), and the upper X axis shows the average number of stage-related genes. The Y axis indicates the partial likelihood deviance error. The red dots represent the average partial likelihood deviances for every model with a given lambda, and the vertical bars indicate the upper and lower values of the partial likelihood deviance error. The vertical gray lines define the optimal values of lambda, which provide the best fit. b LASSO coefficient profiles of 16 stage-related genes. The vertical black dotted lines are plotted at the value selected. c Kaplan–Meier analysis of 1-year DFS between the high-risk group (red) and the low-risk group (blue). d Heat map of five stage-related genes in the prognostic signature. e Representative GSEA plot (DNA replication KEGG pathway) of the high-risk group versus the low-risk group. ES and FDR were also shown