Fig. 1

Pathological roles of ion channels and transporters in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Alteration and dysfunction of AQPs, Cl⁻ channels, Ca²⁺ channels, K⁺ channels, Na⁺/HCO₃⁻ transporter and Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger results in abnormality of ion transport and disorder of multiple signaling pathway, including WNT, PI3K, TGFβ, Notch and VEGF, etc., eventually promoting TNBC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but inhibiting apoptosis. (The red boxes indicate upregulation, the blue box indicate downregulation, the black arrows indicate the directions of ion transport, and the yellow arrows indicate promotion.)