Table 3 Summary of included studies for predictive biomarkers

Vaishampayan et al. [29]

Bone biomarker

Cabozantinib

Median PFS: 4.1 months

Median OS: 11.2 months

Median change (BSAP) pre and post therapy: 21.3%

Median change in serum Ntx pre and post therapy: − 13%

Median change in urine Ntx pre and post therapy: − 41.7%

Dizdarevic et al. [32]

Bone biomarker

²²³Ra-Dichloride

Median follow-up: 266 days

ALP OS: 298 days

Median OS (Normal ALP vs elevated ALP): 401 vs 222 days

Median OS (ALP ≥ 30% reduction vs ALP non-responders): 363 vs 115 days

Median OS (ALP ≥ 10% reduction vs ALP non-responders): 256 vs 137 days

Naito et al. [31]

Bone biomarker

²²³Ra-Dichloride

Median OS: HR, 0.21; 95% CI 0.045–0.95

Miyoshi et al. [33]

Bone biomarker

Cabazitaxel

Median OS: 16.2 months

Median BSI level: 4.4% (range 0.1–12.9%)

Median PSA level: 194.9 ng/ml (range 1.3–2611.0 ng/mL)

Time to CPRC: 9.5 months

Median ΔBSI: 23.5%

Lara et al. [30]

Bone biomarker

Docetaxel + prednisone + atrasentan

Median OS (CICP: ≤ 6.8): 31.6 months

Median OS (BAP ≤ 90.9): 27.1 months

Hammerrich et al. [34]

Bone biomarker

ADT

APV ≥ 5.42 U/l/y vs APV < 5.42 U/l/y: 24.7% vs 75.3%

Follow-up time (fast APV vs slow APV): 63.4 months

Anand et al. [35]

Bone biomarker

Enzalutamide

Median OS: 83 weeks

C-index of aBSI: 0.72

ΔBSI: median = 0.05, IQR: [−] 0.28–1.43)

C-index of  % of PSA change and aBSI: 0.77

Median follow-up: 56 weeks

Onal et al. [36]

NLR

Abiraterone either pre- or post-chemotherapy

Median follow-up: 24 months

Median OS: 20.8 months (IQR: 17.3–24.4 months)

Median OS (NLR < 3.1 vs ≥ 3.1): 10.5 vs 6.5 months

HR: 3.13; 95% CI 1.67–5.88; p <0.001

HR: 3.30; 95% CI 1.33–8.19; p = 0.01

NLR PFS: HR, 2.25; 95% CI 1.44–3.51; p < 0.001

Loubersac et al. [37]

NLR

Abiraterone + prednisone or prednisone

Median OS (NLRlow vs NLR_high): HR, 0.66; 95% CI 0.50–0.86, vs HR, 0.84; 95% CI 0.67–1.04 p = 0.002

Tatenuma et al. [38]

NLR

Docetaxel

Median OS: 21.0 months

Median OS (NLR > 2.59 vs NLR < 2.59): 12.0 vs 31.6 months

Kumano et al. [39]

NLR

Enzalutamide

Median OS (NLR): HR = 4.57; 95% CI 1.31–15.96; p = 0.01

Median OS (NLR > 14 vs < 14): 17.9 months vs 22.0 months

Lorente et al. [40]

NLR

cabazitaxel versus mitoxantrone

Median OS: 14 months (95% CI 13.2–14.8)

BLNLR > 3 vs < 3 on PSA response: 40.1% vs 59.9%

Median follow-up: 12.8 months

Koo et al. [41]

NLR

Median follow-up: 18.5 months

Median RFS:3.7 (2.3–8.3)

OS (NLR < 2.5 vs > 2.5): 23.5% vs 14.5%)

Miyoshi et al. [75]

ERG

ADT

Median time to CRPC: 40.2 months

Median time to CRPC with PTP (high vs low):14.8 months vs 86.3 months

Ohtaka et al. [76]

ERG

ADT

Median overall OS high PTP: Not reached

Median overall OS low PTP: 23.8 months