Table 1 Characterization of EVs in bile, serum, cholangiocytes and CCA cells

CCA bile

Rounded, cup-shaped, double-membrane-bound vesicles, 50–750 nm in diameter

TSG101, ALIX, CD9, HSP70.1

[42]

Spherical structures of vesicles,30–110 nm in diameter, the mode of exosomes sizes is 72.2 nm

CD63, CD81

[99]

Spherical structures, the mode of EVs sizes is 84 nm, 30–110 nm in diameter, 3 × 10¹¹ EVs/ml bile

TSG101, CD63

[98]

CCA serum

Round morphology, ~ 180 nm in diameter

CD9, CD63, CD81

[104]

50–750 nm in diameter

TSG101, ALIX, CD9, HSP70.1

[42]

KKU-M213

KKU-100

Crescent shaped membrane invagination, 40–100 nm in diameter

Flotillin-1, TSG101, CD81, CD63

[64]

50–150 nm in diameter

Flotillin-1, CD81, TSG101

[73]

KMBC

Spherical structures of vesicles, a mean size of 137 ± 960 nm

ALIX, CD9,

CD81

[61]

KKU-M213D5

40–100 nm in diameter

ALIX, TSG101

[105]

RBE

30–120 nm in diameter

ALIX, TSG101, CD63

[65]

HuCCA-1

50–150 nm in diameter

Flotillin-1, CD81, TSG101

[73]

H69

50–150 nm in diameter

Flotillin-1, CD81, TSG101

[73]