From: Melatonin and urological cancers: a new therapeutic approach
Melatonin dose or concentration | Targets | Effects | Model | Cell line | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
200 mg/kg 0.5, 1, 2 µmol/L | PGC1A, UCP1 | Eliminated the abnormal lipid deposits Repressed tumor progression Induced autophagy | In vivo | HK2, 786-O, A498, Caki‐1, ACHN | [97] |
0.5–2 mM | MMP-9, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, MT1 | Suppressed metastasis and invasion | In vitro | Caki-1, Achn | [72] |
0.1, 0.5, or 1 mM | Bim, E2F1, Sp1, proteasome | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | A549, HT29, Caki | [75] |
20 mg/kg 10 µM | HIF-1α | Inhibits tumor growth and blocks tumor angiogenesis | In vivo, in vitro | RENCA | [98] |
1 mM | CHOP | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | HCT116, HT29, Caki | [73] |
1 mM | PUMA | Induced apoptosis | In vitro | Caki | [74] |
1 mM | Mcl-1 | Attenuated oxaliplatin-mediated apoptosis | In vitro | Caki | [99] |
20 mg | – | Increased survival Abrogated the negative influences of opioids on IL-2 immunotherapy cancer cells | Human | – | [100] |
40 mg | – | Combination of immunotherapy with IL-2 plus melatonin increased survival time, and lymphocyte and eosinophil number | Human | – | [101] |
10 mg | – | In addition to anticancer effects, low doses of human lymphoblastoid interferon and melatonin showed no toxicity in patients | Human | − | [102] |