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Table 3 A summary of current findings of melatonin for renal cancer treatment

From: Melatonin and urological cancers: a new therapeutic approach

Melatonin dose or concentration

Targets

Effects

Model

Cell line

Refs

200 mg/kg

0.5, 1, 2 µmol/L

PGC1A, UCP1

Eliminated the abnormal lipid deposits

Repressed tumor progression

Induced autophagy

In vivo

HK2, 786-O, A498, Caki‐1, ACHN

[97]

0.5–2 mM

MMP-9, JNK1/2, ERK1/2, MT1

Suppressed metastasis and invasion

In vitro

Caki-1, Achn

[72]

0.1, 0.5, or 1 mM

Bim, E2F1, Sp1, proteasome

Induced apoptosis

In vitro

A549, HT29, Caki

[75]

20 mg/kg

10 µM

HIF-1α

Inhibits tumor growth and blocks tumor angiogenesis

In vivo, in vitro

RENCA

[98]

1 mM

CHOP

Induced apoptosis

In vitro

HCT116, HT29, Caki

[73]

1 mM

PUMA

Induced apoptosis

In vitro

Caki

[74]

1 mM

Mcl-1

Attenuated oxaliplatin-mediated apoptosis

In vitro

Caki

[99]

20 mg

Increased survival

Abrogated the negative influences of opioids on IL-2 immunotherapy cancer cells

Human

[100]

40 mg

Combination of immunotherapy with IL-2 plus melatonin increased survival time, and lymphocyte and eosinophil number

Human

[101]

10 mg

In addition to anticancer effects, low doses of human lymphoblastoid

interferon and melatonin showed no toxicity in patients

Human

[102]