Fig. 4
From: MicroRNA regulation of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of breast cancer
miRNA-mediated regulation of BCSCs via targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. AKT is activated by various signals including RTKs, integrins, B and T cell receptors, cytokine receptors and GPCRs through PIP3 produced by PI3Ks. PIP3 interacts with the PH domain of AKT and recruits AKT to the cell membrane, allowing PDK1 to phosphorylate AKT-Thr308. mTOR acts both as a downstream effector and an activator of AKT by phosphorylating AKT-Ser473. Dually-phosphorylated AKT fully activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The immediate targets of miRNAs are marked