Fig. 1From: Estrogen/ER in anti-tumor immunity regulation to tumor cell and tumor microenvironmentThe synthesis and function of estrogen in cell transcriptional regulation. The aromatase expressed in liver, placenta, bone and breast promotes the synthesis of estrone from testosterone with the stimulation of LH and FSH. Then estrone mediate the further synthesis of estradiol including 17α- and 17β-estradiol and finally synthesize estriol by hydroxylation. Sequencely, estrogen alternate the immunological differentiation by two pathways. (1) Canonically, estrogen promotes the transcription of estrogen-target genes by ERα/β activation together with co-factor, including GATA3, c-Jun, CBP, and FOXA1. (2) Non-canonically, estrogen enhances the NF-κB, ERK and β-catenin pathway by GPER activationBack to article page