|
In vitro
|
U-87MG
|
20 µM
|
5 Gy; 180 KV X-rays
|
–
|
Induction of a delay in cell cycle progression, enhancement of GJIC
|
[82]
|
|
In vitro and in vivo
|
CD133
|
100 µM
|
2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Gy; 1.25 MeV (cobalt-60 γ-rays)
|
–
|
Induction of apoptosis, suppression of STAT3 signaling, ↑survival rate
|
[70]
|
|
In vitro and in vivo
|
SU-2
|
75 µmol/L (for in vitro) and 150 mg/kg/day (for in vivo); ip
|
2, 4 and 6 Gy; 6 MV X-rays
|
–
|
↑radiosensitivity, prevention of self-renewal and stemness, ↑apoptosis, induction of autophagy, inhibition of DNA repair
|
[101]
|
|
In vitro
|
U87MG
|
20 µM
|
2 Gy; 1.25 MeV (cobalt-60 γ-rays)
|
–
|
↓colony number, ↑DNA damage, ↑radiosensitivity
|
[100]
|
|
In vitro
|
DBTRG
|
50 µM
|
–
|
Paclitaxel; 50 µM
|
↑mitochondrial ROS levels, ↑activation of TRPM2 channel, ↑caspase 3 activity, ↑influx of Ca2+ into the cell through TRPM2 channel
|
[108]
|
|
In vitro
|
T98G
|
100 µM
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 100 µM
|
↑chemosensitivity, ↑apoptotic morphology (such as nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation and chromatin aggregation), ↑cleavage of caspase-3, ↓intracellular level and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, repression of MGMT expression
|
[120]
|
|
In vitro and in vivo
|
GIC400 andGIC411
|
20 and 40 µM (for in vitro) and 12.5 mg/kg/day (for in vivo); ip
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 200 and 400 µM (for in vitro) and 68 mg/kg/day (for in vivo); oral
|
↓cell viability, induction of apoptosis, activation of DSBs/pATM/pATR/p53 pathway, inhibition of self-renewal capacity and promotion of cell differentiation, inactivation of STAT3, inhibition of tumor growth
|
[119]
|
|
In vitro and in vivo
|
T98G and U138
|
2, 4, 8, 10, 16 and 32 µM (for in vitro) and 10 mg/kg/day; ip
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 400 µM (for in vitro) and 25 mg/kg//day (for in vivo); ip
|
↓cell viability and proliferation, ↑apoptosis (↑Cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, ↓XIAP and Bcl‐2), suppression of Wnt signaling pathway, downregulation of MGMT expression
|
[121]
|
|
In vitro
|
RG-2, LN-18 and LN-428
|
25, 50, 75 and 100 µM
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µM
|
Inhibition of growth cell, down-regulation of MGMT overexpression, ↓expression of STAT3, ↓survivin and Bcl-2 levels, Inhibition of STAT3/Bcl-2/survivin signaling pathway
|
[122]
|
|
In vitro and in vivo
|
SHG44
|
10 µM (for in vitro) and 40 mg/kg/day (for in vivo); oral
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 100 µM (for in vitro) and 68 mg/kg/day (for in vivo); oral
|
Induction of cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, ↑expression of GFAP, down-regulation of MMP-9 expression, inhibition of cell migration, ↑ROS production, activation of AMPK, inhibition of mTOR signaling, down-regulation of Bcl-2, ↓tumor volume, ↓Ki-67 expression
|
[133]
|
|
In vitro and in vivo
|
U87 MG
|
10 µM (for in vitro) and 12.5 mg/kg/day (for in vivo); ip
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 100–400 µM (for in vitro) and 10 mg/kg/day (for in vivo); ip
|
↓autophagy, ↑apoptosis, ↓cell viability, ↑chemosensitivity,↑cell death, ↓tumor volume, ↓ERK activity and LC3-II protein levels, ↑cleavage of PARP
|
[172]
|
|
In vitro
|
U87, U138 and U251
|
30 µM
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 100 µM
|
↑autophagy, abrogation of temozolomide-induced G2 arrest, ↑gammaH2AX, pATM and pChk2, ↑cyclin B and pRb levels, ↓pWee1 and pCdk1 levels, induction of mitotic catastrophe (aberrant chromosome condensation and mitotic phenotype, micronuclei and nuclearfragmentation, abnormal/triple mitosis, ↑percentages of irregular nuclei and large nuclei), ↓clonogenic growth, ↑senescence
|
[163]
|
|
In vitro and in vivo
|
U251MG and C6
|
7.5, 15 and 30 µM and 10 mg/kg/day; ip
|
–
|
Temozolomide; 10 mg/kg/day and thrice a week; ip
|
Inhibition of temozolomide-induced autophagy and promotion of apoptosis (up to 15 µM resveratrol), inhibition of ERK1/2-dependent autophagy
|
[164]
|
