Table 1 The Rho GTPase family

RhoA

Rho

plasma membrane;

cytoplasm;

nucleus;

Regulate contractility in the cell body;

Regulate membrane protrusion;

[174,175,176]

RhoB

Rho

plasma membrane;

endosomes;

multivesicular bodies;

nucleus;

Affect focal adhesion contacts with the substratum;

[177, 178]

RhoC

Rho

cytoplasm;

Restrict the breadth of lamellipodia;

[108, 179]

Rac1

Rac

plasma membrane;

nucleus;

mitochondria;

Stimulate the formation of lamellipodia;

[180, 181]

Rac2

Rac

plasma membrane;

Regulate actin remodeling;

affect membrane ruffling;

[182, 183]

Rac3

Rac

perinuclear;

Stimulate the formation of lamellipodia;

affect membrane ruffling;

[184, 185]

RhoG

Rac

plasma membrane;

perinuclear;

Regulate the formation of membrane ruffles, lamellipodia, filopodia, and microvilli;

[186]

Cdc42

Cdc42

plasma membrane;

the Golgi apparatus;

Regulate the formation of filopodia

[187, 188]

RhoJ

Cdc42

plasma membrane;

organelle membrane;

Regulate the numbers, size and disassembly of focal adhesion;

[189, 190]

RhoQ

Cdc42

plasma membrane;

endomembrane compartments;

Regulate membrane ruffling and stress fiber;

[191, 192]

RhoD

RhoD/F

plasma membrane;

endosomes;

the Golgi apparatus;

Regulate the formation of filopodia and membrane ruffling;

[193]

RhoF

RhoD/F

nucleoplasm;

the Golgi apparatus;

Regulate the formation of filopodia;

[194,195,196,197]

RhoH

RhoH

plasma membrane;

vesicles;

Regulate lamellipodium extension;

Regulate migratory polarity;

[198, 199]

Rnd1

Rnd

plasma membrane;

vesicles;

cytoplasm;

Regulate cell adhesion and cell contraction;

[200, 201]

Rnd2

Rnd

cytoplasm;

Regulate cell contraction;

[202, 203]

Rnd3

Rnd

plasma membrane;

cytoplasm;

Regulate tight junction integrity;

[202, 204]

RhoU

RhoU/V

plasma membrane;

endomembrane compartments;

Regulate focal adhesion turnover, filopodia and cell adhesion;

[205, 206]

RhoV

RhoU/V

plasma membrane;

endomembrane compartments;

Regulate filopodia and lamellipodia; regulate the formation of focal adhesion;

[146, 207, 208]

RhoBTB1

RhoBTB

Vesicular;

Do not regulate the actin cytoskeleton directly;

[146, 209, 210]

RhoBTB2

RhoBTB

Vesicular;

Do not regulate the actin cytoskeleton directly;

[146, 209, 210]