Table 1 ICI combination therapy with chemotherapy in preclinical models
From: Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); a new frontier
Tumor | Target IC | Agent (s) | Result (s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Triple-negative breast cancer | PD-1 | Cyclophosphamide | Induction of the synergistic effect with ICI through induction of the antigen-presenting cells along with promoting intratumoral CD8 + T cells | [140] |
B-cell lymphoma Breast cancer | PD-1 PD-L1 | Vinorelbine Cyclophosphamide Fluorouracil | Induction of the synergistic effect | [141] |
Breast cancer | CTLA-4 | Gemcitabine Cyclophosphamide | Stimulation of tumor regression, while some cases showed the development of spontaneous metastases | [142] |
Colon cancer Bladder cancer | PD-1 PD-L1 | Methotrexate Vinblastine Doxorubicin Cis-platin Cyclophosphamide | Substantial robust anti-tumor response in vivo | [248] |
Gastrointestinal cancer | PD-L1 | Gemcitabine | Tumor growth inhibition, reducing MDSCs and M2 macrophages, and improved OS | [144] |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | PD-1 | Gemcitabine | Inspiring the infiltration of Th1 lymphocytes and M1 macrophages along with extended OS | [249] |
Small-cell lung carcinoma | PD-1 PD-L1 | Gemcitabine | Improving the antitumorigenic CD8 + cytotoxic T cells, DCs, and M1 macrophage populations concurrently decrease in M2 macrophage and MDSCs, and finally enhancement in the expression of the type I interferon beta 1 gene, IFNβ, and chemokines, CCL5 and CXCL10 | [145] |
Lewis lung carcinoma | PD-1 | Gemcitabine | Robust anti-tumor impacts along with suppression of recurrence of LLC by rises in CD8 + and CD4 + T cells proportion | [146] |
Mesothelioma | PD-1 | Gemcitabine | Tumor regression and improved OS rate | [147] |
Lewis lung carcinoma | PD-1 | Oxaliplatin | Tumor regression by activation of APCs and TILs | [150] |
Colon cancer | PD-1 PD-L1 | Cisplatin Oxaliplatin | Promotion of the expression of T cell-attracting chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5), and Provoking T cell activation and recruitment into TME | [151] |
Triple-negative breast cancer | PD-1 | Paclitaxel | Instigation of a synergistic effect with ICI through transforming the tumor immune microenvironment | [154] |
Triple-negative breast cancer | PD-L1 | Paclitaxel | Stimulating tumor regression, metastasis inhibition, and recurrence preventive | [155] |
Colon cancer Cervical cancer Lung cancer Melanoma | PD-L1 | Paclitaxel | Enhancing the infiltration and function of T cells and DCs within tumors | [156] |
Colon cancer Bladder cancer | PD-1 PD-L1 | Doxorubicin | Showing the anti-tumor impact of the combination of immunotherapy in the MC38 colon and MB49 bladder models, a lack of response in the 4T1 breast model, and suppression of ICIs potential in the MBT-2 bladder model | [248] |
B cell lymphoma | PD-1 | Doxorubicin | Verification of the therapeutic capacity of doxorubicin-loaded microbubbles (RDMs) with ICI | [250] |
Ovarian cancer | PD-L1 | Cisplatin | Prolonged OS of treated mice | [251] |
Lung cancer | PD-L1 | Cisplatin | Reducing tumor growth | [152] |
B cell lymphoma | PD-1 | Doxorubicin | Showing synergistic effects with ICI by up-regulation of IFN-γ | [252] |
Fibrosarcoma | PD-1 | Methotrexate | Notable anti-tumor effect in vivo | [253] |