Fig. 2
From: Advances in biomarkers and techniques for pancreatic cancer diagnosis
Potential clinical applications for the diagnosis of A pancreatic cancer, including B new biomarkers, C Artificial intelligence (AI), and D nanomaterias. As shown in Part B, samples were obtained from urine, blood, saliva, and feces such as B-1; new biomarkers included DNA methylation such as B-2, proteomic biomarkers such as B-3, and noncoding RNAs such as B-4. AI is shown in Part C. AI utilization can be used in imaging such as C-2, pathology such as C-3 and recognition of biomarkers such as C-4 for PC detection. Part of D describes the application of nanomaterials for the diagnosis of PC; they can play a role as contrast agents such as D-2, diagnostic probes such as D-3, and sensitizers of biomarkers such as D-4