Fig. 2

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 system in the treatment of cancer: A Knock-out of various oncogenes whose overexpression or dysregulation leads to either resistance to therapy or cancer proliferation. B Genes RLIP and MDR1 are responsible for drug resistance in BC are disrupted using CRISPR/Cas for restoration of drug sensitivity. C T-cells are used for immunotherapy in BC, CRISPR/Cas has been applied in T-cells for CAR gene insertion, TCR gene removal, and SIRP-α disruption and therefore improving its potency. D Mutation in HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) and FASN (Fatty acid synthase) induced by CRISPR/Cas9, leads to inhibition of growth of cancer cells. E TGF-Smad3-TMEPAI axis plays a role in cancer cells by enabling them to escape TGF-mediated growth inhibition and the functional domains of HER2 are required for carcinogenic activity, hence their specific targeting through CRISPR/Cas results in TNBC treatment and loss of drug resistance respectively