Table 1 Effects of the luteolin in various types of cancers

 Azoxymethane induced colon cancer in Balb/C mouse

Reduction in the expression of iNOX and COX-2

[33]

 Azoxymethane induced colon cancer in Balb/C mouse

Increased activity of Glutathione-S-transferase, enhanced expression of Nrf2, activation of GST-α and GST-µ.

[34]

 Azoxymethane induced colon cancer in Balb/C mouse

Anti-metastatic activity due to a decrease in MMP-2 and MMP-9

[35]

 HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line

Downregulation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 and a reduction in OGF-1R signaling

[36]

 Human colon cancer SW620 cells

Inhibition of ERK expression, increase in FOXO3A expression, activation of ERK1/2 and forkhead box O3a signaling pathways, increased expression of autophagic proteins, induction of apoptosis

[37]

 Human colon cancer cells HT-29

Apoptotic cell death by upregulating Nrf2 expression via DNA demethylase

[38]

 Human colon cancer cells HCT-116

Suppression of NLRP3/IL-1 β signal axis

[39]

 Dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice

Downregulation of HMGB1-TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway protein

[40]

 Colon cancer DLD-1cells

Downregulation of Notch1 and TGF-β pathways

[41]

 Human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells

Epigenetic activation of Nrf2 pathway leading to the inhibition of colorectal carcinogenesis

[42]

Breast cancer

 Breast cancer cell line MCF-7

PLK-1 mediated anticancer activity

[43]

 Androgen receptor-positive triple negative breast cancer

Regulation of the expression of MMP9, reduction in the levels of AKT/mTOR-inducing H3K27Ac and H3K56Ac.

[44]

 Breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-453 and MCF-7

Increased expression of miR-203 and the inhibition of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling.

[45]

 Triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and BT5-49

Reversing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via downregulation of the expression of β-catenin

[46]

 Triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231

Induction of apoptosis

[47]

 Triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and 4T1

Suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition expression and

Inhibition of YAP/TAZ activity

[48]

 Triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231

Suppression of Notch signaling and miRNA regulation

[49]

 Human breast cancer cell lines BT474 and MCF7

Lowering of the methylation and upregulating of the expression of OPCML gene.

[50]

 Human breast cancer MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 (4175) LM2 TNBC cells

Blocking of VEGF production and KDR-mediated activity, inhibition of the migration of tumor cells

[51]

 Triple negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231

Downregulation of Nrf-2 expression

[52]

Lung cancer

 Human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells

Suppression of focal adhesion kinase and suppression of non-receptor kinase signaling pathway

[53]

 Human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells

Cell cycle arrest in G2 phase

[23]

 Human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells and

H460 cells

Caspase activation induced by Poly(dA:dT), and cleavage of

IL-1β in NSCLC cells

[54]

 Human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells

Suppression of inducible PD-L1 expression for ameliorated anticancer activity in KRAS mutant lung cancer

[55]

 Human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells and

H460 cells

Induction of apoptosis by the induction of MicroRNA-34a-5p

[56]

 Human normal lung epithelial cell NL-20 and lung cancer cell lines NCI-H1975 and NCI-H1650

Downregulation of LIMK1 and its interaction with cofilin

[57]

 T790M mutant NSCLC cells

Anti-tumorigenic effect on EGF receptor L858R/T790M mutation and erlotinib-resistant NSCLC

[58]

 Human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells

Cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and apoptosis

[59]

 Lung adenocarcinoma

A549 cells

Attenuation of TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells

[60]

 Lewis lung cancer

lung cancer-induced bone pain by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes and glial activation

[61] e

Prostate cancer

 Human prostate cancer

PC-3 cells

Downregulation of calcium-activated chloride channel Anoctamin 1

[62]

 Human prostate cancer

PC-3 cells

Inhibition of cell-cell adhesion by E-cadherin through AKT/mdm2 pathway

[63]

 Human prostate cancer

PC-3 cells

Suppression of Wnt signaling by upregulation of FZD6 and suppressing of the stemness of cancer cells

[64]

 Human prostate cancer

PC-3 cells

Suppression of angiogenesis mediated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2

Suppressing

[65]

 Human prostate cancer

PC-3 and LNCaP cells

Inhibition of cell proliferation via miR-301

[66]

 Human prostate cancer

PC-3 cells

Induction of miR-630 and inhibition of cyclin G-associated kinase

[67]

 Rat (PCai1, established from a TRAP prostate tumor) and human (22Rv1) CRPC cells

miR-8080 mediated suppression of AR-V7

[68]