Fig. 5
From: Rise of the natural red pigment ‘prodigiosin’ as an immunomodulator in cancer
The potential role of prodigiosin as an immunomodulator in the TME. COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; HSP90, heat shock protein 90; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IL, interleukin; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK; mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NK, natural killer; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PGE-2, prostaglandin E2; PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide-3-kinase–protein kinase/Akt; TADC, tumour-associated dendritic cell; TAM, tumour-associated macrophage; Treg; regulatory T cell; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor