LncRNA OIP5-AS1 promotes the malignancy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via regulating miR-429/FOXD1/ERK pathway

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a subtype of pancreatic cancer, is a malignant tumor with unfavorable prognosis. Despite accumulating researches have made efforts on finding novel therapeutic methods for this disease, the underlying mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) remains elusive. OIP5 antisense RNA 1 (OIP5-AS1) has been reported to play important role in the occurrence and development of multiple human cancers. This study was aimed at unveiling the regulatory role of OIP5-AS1 in PDAC. Methods RT-qPCR analysis revealed the OIP5-AS1 expression in PDAC tissues and adjacent normal ones. Kaplan–Meier method was applied to analyze the overall survival of patients with high or low level of OIP5-AS1. Gain- or loss-of function assays were performed to assess the effects of OIP5-AS1 knockdown on cell functions, including proliferation, migration and EMT process. Mechanism experiments, such as luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays proved the interaction between OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 as well as that between miR-429 and FOXD1. Results OIP5-AS1 was up-regulated in PDAC tissues and cell lines, and high level of OIP5-AS1 indicated poor prognosis in PDAC patients. OIP5-AS1 knockdown hindered cell proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, while overexpression of OIP5-AS1 caused the opposite results. OIP5-AS1 activated ERK pathway through up-regulating forkhead box D1 (FOXD1) expression by sponging miR-429. Furthermore, OIP5-AS1 facilitated cell growth in vivo. Conclusion OIP5-AS1 exerted oncogenic function in PDAC cells through targeting miR-429/FOXD1/ERK pathway.


Background
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is identified as one of the most aggressively malignant cancers and the fourth main reason for cancer-associated death worldwide [1,2]. Although great improvement has been made in therapeutic methods, the survival rate of PC patients remains poor [3,4]. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the main subtype of pancreatic cancer. Despite mounting researches on PDAC, the molecular mechanisms associated with the tumorigenesis and progression remain to be explored. Hence, exploring the potential molecular mechanisms of PDAC progression is of great necessity for finding effective biomarkers for PDAC treatment.
According to a large number of studies, lncRNAs could play the role of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) or molecular sponges for microRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate gene expression [16]. MiRNAs are a cluster of little non-coding RNAs with around 18-25 nucleotides, acting as post-transcriptional regulators [17,18]. More and more evidences have demonstrated the crucial roles of miRNAs in human cancers [19][20][21]. MiR-429 is a cancer-related miRNA whose aberrant expression has been uncovered in many cancers. For example, miR-429 reduces cell migration and invasion in breast cancer [22]. MiR-429 modulates tumor progression in colorectal cancer [23]. More importantly, miR-429 has been revealed to improve prognosis and inhibit tumorigenesis in PDAC via targeting TBK1 [24]. Nevertheless, the modulatory relationship between OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 in PDAC remains veiled.
Current work was aimed to unveil the role of OIP5-AS1 in PDAC and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Clinical samples
Total of 110 pairs of PDAC tissues (cancerous and matched non-tumor ones) were collected from PDAC patients who underwent surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University and then stored at − 80° after immediate frozen via liquid nitrogen. All patients signed the written informed consents for this study. The approvals for this study were received from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University.

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
Total RNA was extracted from PDAC tissues or cells by use of TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen). Afterwards, RNAs were reversely transcribed into cDNA with TaqMan ™ Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit (for mRNA and lncRNA; Waltham, MA, USA) or First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (for miRNA; Takara, Otsu, Japan). The RT-qPCR analysis was conducted on ABI 7500 Fast Real-Time polymerase chain reaction system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) via using SYBR Green PCR Kit (Takara, Japan). The relative expression of genes was calculated with the 2 −ΔΔCt method. All data were normalized to the expression of U6 or GAPDH.

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
To detect cell proliferation, CCK-8 Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was used in this experiment under manufacturer's protocols. Cells (1000 cells/well) were seeded and incubated in 96-well plates. After 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, the CCK-8 reagents were supplemented to each well. Detection of cell viability was performed with a microplate reader at the wave length of 450 nm.

Colony formation assay
Cells (1000 cells/well) were placed into six-well plates, and then maintained in DMEM medium with 10% FBS. Following incubation for 2 weeks, 10% formaldehyde was used to fix the cells, and then 0.1% crystal violet (Sigma, USA) was applied to stain cells. Finally, the number of visible colonies (with over 50 cells) was calculated manually.

Transwell assay
For migration assay, cells were incubated in non-serum medium (200 μL) and placed in the upper transwell chambers (Corning Costar, NY, USA). 600 μL DMEM medium containing 20% FBS was supplemented into the bottom chamber. Post 24 h of incubation, cells remained in the upper chamber were removed, while cells migrated to the lower chamber were fixated by methanol and stained via crystal violet. Finally, cells in five randomly assigned fields were calculated under microscope.

RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay
RIP experiments were performed via utilizing EZ-Magna RIP ™ RNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation Kit Millipore). Considering the importance of Ago2 in RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) [25], we applied Ago2 antibodies to conduct this experiment. In brief, cells were isolated and lysed with RIP buffer supplemented with RNase inhibitor. RIP buffer containing magnetic beads conjugated with Ago2 antibody was used to incubate 100 μl of whole cell extract. The precipitated RNAs were eluted and then measured by RT-qPCR. Input containing 10% cell lysates acted as the positive control and antibodies targeting IgG were the negative control. Besides, RNAs precipitated in these three groups were also subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis after semi-quantitative PCR.

RNA pull down assay
RNA pull-down assay was performed using the Pierce Magnetic RNA-Protein Pull-Down Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). miR-429 sequence was labeled with biotin probe. Non-biotin labeled sequence was used as the negative control. Subsequently, cell lysates were incubated with biotin-miR-429 probe or non-biotin probe and then incubated with the magnetic beads for 30 min. The complex was washed and RNAs were purified with TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific). RNA enrichment was measured by RT-qPCR.

Luciferase reporter assay
The sequences of wide-type OIP5-AS1 or mutant OIP5-AS1 with or without the conjectured miR-429 binding sites were cloned and inserted into pmir-GLO dual-luciferase reporters (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) to construct the pmirGLO-OIP5-AS1-wild type (OIP5-AS1-Wt) or pmirGLO-OIP5-AS1-mutant (OIP5-AS1-Mut) reporter vector. Similarly, sequences of wild-type or mutant-type 3′UTR of FOXD1 mRNA with or without the predicted miR-429 binding sites were cloned and inserted into pmirGLO vector (Promega) to construct the pmirGLO-FOXD1-wild type (FOXD1-Wt) or pmirGLO-FOXD1-mutant (FOXD1-Mut) reporter vector. Thereafter, above recombinant plasmids were co-transfected into PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cells with miR-NC, miR-429 mimic or miR-429 mimic + pcDNA3.1/OIP5-AS1 by the use of Lipofectamine 3000, as needed. After transfection for 48 h, the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) was applied to detect the luciferase activity. Transfected cells were lysed and added with the luciferin that was catalyzed with luciferase. The luciferase intensity was examined at the wavelength of 560 nm. The luciferase activity of each reporter vector was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity (465 nm), and then the luciferase activity of each reporter in NC mimics was set as 1.0, that in miR-429 mimics group or miR-429 mimic + pcDNA3.1/OIP5-AS1 group was relative to NC mimics group.

In vivo experiment
Before the in vivo experiment, stably transfected PDAC cells with sh-OIP5-AS1-1 or pcDNA3.1/OIP5-AS1 were established. Parental cells were seeded in 96 well plates at 37 °C for 12 h. Next, puromycin at different final concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 μg/ml) was added into the wells. The reagent was changed every 2-3 days. Seven days later, the lowest concentration led to the sacrifice of cells was determined. Afterwards, cells were infected with the lentivirus containing sh-OIP5-AS1, sh-NC, pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA3.1/OIP5-AS1. Ten days later, stably transfected cells were selected out for animal study.
To carry out the vivo tumorigenesis assay, 20 BALB/c nude mice (4-week-old, 15-20 g) were procured from National Laboratory Animal Center (Beijing, China). The animal experimental procedures were carried out strictly conforming to the protocol approved by the Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. PANC-1 cells (5 × 10 6 ) transfected with sh-OIP5-AS1-1 or sh-NC as well as CFPAC-1 cells (1 × 10 6 ) with or without OIP5-AS1 overexpression in PBS media were subcutaneously injected into the mice. N = 5 in each group. The volume of tumors was monitored using a Vernier caliper every 4 days. Four weeks later, mice were euthanatized. The weight of tumors was recorded. Tumor volume = 1/2 × length × width 2 .

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining
The paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were dewaxed and subsequently incubated with the primary antibodies against FOXD1 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and Ki-67 (Cell Signaling Technology, USA) at 4 °C overnight, followed by incubation of secondary antibodies in accordance with the manufacturer's protocols. To visualize the staining of indicated proteins, samples were incubated with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine in 0.1% H 2 O 2 in Tris-HCl buffer and then counterstained with Hematoxylin QS (Vector Laboratories).

Statistical analysis
Data was presented as the mean ± standard deviation (S.D.). Each experiment was carried out for 3 times. SPSS 22.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to analyze all the results collected. The overall survival curve was generated using Kaplan-Meier method and the logrank test. Student's t test or one-way/two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc test (Turkey's test) was used to evaluate differences between groups. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to determine the expression correlations. P < 0.05 was thought as statistically significant.

OIP5-AS1 is up-regulated in PDAC tissues and predicts poor prognosis of PDAC patients
At first, high level of OIP5-AS1 in TCGA PAAD samples was obtained from GEPIA (Additional file 1: Fig. S1A). Importantly, high level of OIP5-AS1 had close correlation with poor prognosis in PAAD patients (Additional file 1: Fig. S1B). Moreover, OIP5-AS1 expression in 110 pairs of tissues (adjacent normal and tumor) was detected by RT-qPCR. As a result, we observed remarkable the upregulation of OIP5-AS1 in PDAC tissues compared to adjacent normal ones (Fig. 1a). Additionally, enhanced level of OIP5-AS1 was also unveiled in four PDAC cell lines (PANC-1, BxPC-3, AsPC-1 and CFPAC-1) in comparison with normal HPDE6-C7 cells (Fig. 1b). According to the median value of OIP5-AS1 level in 110 samples, all patients were divided into two groups (OIP5-AS1 high or low expression group). Additionally, the correlation between OIP5-AS1 level and clinicpathological characteristics of PDAC patients was evaluated. We found that high OIP5-AS1 level was positively associated with tumor size, distant metastasis and TNM stage (Table 1). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis [26] illustrated that PDAC patients with high level of OIP5-AS1 exhibited poorer overall survival (Fig. 1c). Besides, OIP5-AS1 expression and TNM stage were validated as the independent prognostic markers for PDAC patients (Table 2). Collectively, OIP5-AS1 might function as an oncogene in PDAC.

Silencing of OIP5-AS1 suppresses PDAC cell growth, migration and reversed EMT process
Loss-and gain-of-function assays were then implemented to investigate the precise function of OIP5-AS1 in PDAC. Prior to that, we confirmed the  (Fig. 2a). Subsequently, CCK-8 assay elucidated that OIP5-AS1 silence conspicuously inhibited the proliferative ability of PANC-1 cells, while OIP5-AS1 overexpression led to contrary results, and colony formation assay further proved above results (Fig. 2b, c). Also, Transwell assay detected that OIP5-AS1 inhibition obviously suppressed the migratory ability of PANC-1 cells, whereas OIP5-AS1 overexpression led to the opposite changes in CFPAC-1 cells (Fig. 2d). Furthermore, the enhanced E-cadherin level and decreased levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin were detected in OIP5-AS1-silenced PANC-1 cells whereas the opposite results were observed in OIP5-AS1-overexpressed CFPAC-1 cells (Fig. 2e, lane 1-3). Recently, researchers have revealed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has important effects on the initiation and maintenance of PDAC [27][28][29]. On this basis, we wondered whether OIP5-AS1 regulated PDAC progression through regulating this pathway. As presented in Fig. 2e (lane 4-5), the activity of ERK1/2, the key proteins of ERK signaling pathway, was positively regulated by OIP5-AS1 since the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was hindered by knockdown of OIP5-AS1 but strengthened under OIP5-AS1 overexpression. These evidences demonstrated that OIP5-AS1 promoted cell proliferation, migration and EMT process and activated ERK pathway in PDAC.

MiR-429 is negatively regulated by OIP5-AS1 in PDAC cells
Next, we investigated the possible regulatory mechanism of OIP5-AS1 in PDAC. Previous studies have revealed that lncRNAs can serve as ceRNAs by sponging miRNAs [16,30]. Using bioinformatics database (starBase v3.0), we discovered that there were 62 miR-NAs potentially bind with OIP5-AS1 (with the strict stringency and 6 cancer types), of which 11 were significantly upregulated in response to the silencing of OIP5-AS1. Besides, data from starBase 3.0 displayed a negative correlation between OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 in PAAD tissues (Additional file 1: Fig. S1C). Therefore, we chose miR-429 for further analysis. The binding sequence of miR-429 in OIP5-AS1 was shown in Fig. 3a. To further research the interaction between miR-429 and OIP5-AS1, luciferase reporter assay was carried out and results exhibited that miR-429

Table 2 Multivariate analysis of prognostic parameters in patients with pancreatic cancer by Cox regression analysis
Proportional hazards method analysis showed a positive, independent prognostic importance of OIP5-AS1 expression (P = 0.013). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant overexpression considerably inhibited the luciferase activity of the OIP5-AS1-WT, but did not affect that of OIP5-AS1-Mut (Fig. 3b). Recently, lncRNAs have been revealed to function as sponges for certain miRNAs to hinder RISCs-induced mRNA silencing [31]. Therefore, we further performed RIP assay to identify whether the modulation between miR-429 and OIP5-AS1 occurred in RISCs. As a result, we discovered the abundant enrichment of both OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 in Ago2precipitated pellet compared with IgG control (Fig. 3c), and such result was further validated by the data of agarose gel electrophoresis after semi-quantitative PCR (Fig. 3D). Based on the result of RNA pull-down assay, we confirmed that OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 were enriched in the complexes which were pulled down by miR-429-specific biotin probe (Additional file 1: Fig.  S1D). These data confirmed the sponge role of OIP5-AS1 by interacting with miR-429 in PDAC. Additionally, we discovered that miR-429 level was promoted in PDAC cells under OIP5-AS1 depletion, whereas OIP5-AS1 expression was increased by miR-429 inhibitor on the contrary (Fig. 3e). Moreover, the expression of miR-429 expression was lowly expressed in PDAC tissues relative to corresponding non-tumor tissues (Fig. 3f ). Furthermore, Pearson's correlation analysis strongly confirmed the inverse correlation between OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 expression in 110 PDAC tissues (Fig. 3g).
In brief, we could conclude that OIP5-AS1 acted as a sponge and negatively modulated miR-429 expression in PDAC.

MiR-429 targets to FOXD1 in PDAC
Using bioinformatics tool StarBase v3.0 (10 cancer types, intersection of miRanda and PTTA), the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that might bind with miR-429 were predicted. Among which, FOXD1 has been identified to have critical influence in human cancers [32,33]. More importantly, the level of FOXD1 was higher in TCGA PAAD samples (Additional file 2: Fig. S2A), which had a positive correlation with OIP5-AS1 (Additional file 2: Fig. S2B). More importantly, the data of TCGA PAAD samples revealed that high level of FOXD1 indicated poor overall survival of PAAD patients (Additional file 2: Fig. S2C). Thus, FOXD1 was chosen for subsequent experiments. We discovered that FOXD1 had the potential binding sites with miR-429 (Fig. 4a). Besides, it was disclosed that miR-429 up-regulation markedly suppressed the luciferase activity of FOXD1-WT rather than FOXD1-Mut, and this phenomenon could be c RIP assay was applied to detect the enrichment of OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 in anti-IgG-or anti-Ago2-induced immunoprecipitates (**P < 0.01). d The harvest of above RNAs precipitated in RIP assays were processed with agarose gel electrophoresis after semi-quantitative PCR. e RT-qPCR tested the level of OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 in indicated PDAC cells (**P < 0.01). f The expression of miR-429 in 110 pairs of PDAC tissues was analyzed by RT-qPCR (**P < 0.01). g The correlation between miR-429 and OIP5-AS1 expression in PDAC tissues was tested by Pearson's correlation analysis (P < 0.001). **P < 0.01 indicated data were statistically significant restored by co-overexpression of OIP5-AS1 (Fig. 4b).

OIP5-AS1 positively regulates PDAC progression via regulating miR-429/FOXD1/ERK pathway
Previously, studies have reported that FOXD1 could activate ERK signaling to accelerate cancer development [34]. Hence, rescue assays were then taken out to explore whether OIP5-AS1 regulated PDAC through modulating FOXD1 and therefore targeting ERK pathway. RT-qPCR detected that overexpression of FOXD1 could recover the reduced level of FOXD1 induced by OIP5-AS1 inhibition (Fig. 5a). Subsequently, CCK-8 and colony formation assays presented that the co-transfection of pcDNA3.1/ FOXD1 restored the suppression of sh-OIP5-AS1, whereas the supplement of ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) recovered the ascending impacts of pcDNA3.1/OIP5-AS1 on the proliferative ability of PDAC cells (Fig. 5b, c). Besides, the migration of PDAC cells affected by OIP5-AS1 silence or up-regulation was recovered by FOXD1 overexpression or ERK inhibition, respectively (Fig. 5d). Furthermore, the suppression of OIP5-AS1 depletion on EMT process and ERK activation was offset by enhanced FOXD1 expression, and the stimulating effects of OIP5-AS1 up-regulation on EMT process and ERK pathway were counteracted after supplement of U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) (Fig. 5e). Based on these results, we concluded that OIP5-AS1 triggered cell proliferation and migration in PDAC via regulating miR-429/FOXD1/ERK pathway.

OIP5-AS1 facilitates tumorigenesis of PDAC in vivo
In vivo experiments were implemented to further identify the biological function of OIP5-AS1 in PDAC. Results exhibited that tumors removed from mice injected with OIP5-AS1-silenced PANC-1 cells were conspicuously smaller than those from the mice injected with control cells (Fig. 6a). Moreover, as time went on, the tumors in PANC-1 cells/sh-OIP5-AS1-1 group grown much slower compared with negative control group (Fig. 6b). Additionally, mice injected with PANC-1 cells/sh-OIP5-AS1-1 possessed a lighter tumor weight than those injected with PANC-1 cells/sh-NC (Fig. 6c). Through RT-qPCR analysis, the levels of OIP5-AS1 and miR-429 were found to be separately decreased or increased in sh-OIP5-AS1-1 group (Fig. S3A). IHC results showed that the positivity of the proliferation index (Ki-67) and FOXD1 were reduced in tumors from PANC-1 cells/sh-OIP5-AS1-1 injected mice (Fig. 6d), this result was further demonstrated by western blot analysis (Fig. 6e). On the contrary, tumors originated from mice injected with OIP5-AS1-overexpressed CFPAC-1 cells exhibited bigger sizes with a faster growth rate and heavier weights than those from the control group (Fig. 6f-h). Meanwhile, the we identified the level of OIP5-AS1 was increased in pcDNA3.1/OIP5-AS1 group, while that of miR-429 was significantly reduced (Additional file 3: Fig. S3B). Additionally, the stronger expression of Ki67 as well as higher FOXD1 level were detected in OIP5-AS1-overexpressed group compared to control group (Fig. 6i, j). Taken together, OIP5-AS1 facilitated PDAC cell growth in vivo.

Discussion
Recently, lncRNAs have been validated to exert vital roles in PDAC. For example, lncRNA THAP9-AS1 promotes PDAC growth via interacting with YAP1 and sponging miR-484 [35]. FEZF1-AS1 facilitates PDAC progression via miR-107/ZNF312B axis [36]. LncRNA OIP5-AS1 is up-regulated in several cancer types and exert oncogenic functions [12][13][14][15]. In this work, high level of OIP5-AS1 was determined in TCGA PAAD samples. Based on the database, the prognostic value of OIP5-AS1 was identified in PAAD patients. The expression pattern of OIP5-AS1 and its association with patients' survival were further validated in 110 collected patient samples. Therefore, we confirmed the research value of OIP5-AS1 in PDAC. Functionally, we also confirmed that OIP5-AS1 involved in PDAC cell growth and migration. All these findings might contribute to unmasking the novel potential therapeutic targets for PDAC (Additional file 4: Table S1). Increasing evidence indicated that lncRNAs can serve as molecular sponges for miRNAs to modulate the expression of miRNA-targeted genes at post-transcriptional level [37,38]. LncRNA FLVCR1-AS1 could sponge miR-573 to upregulate E2F3 in lung cancer [39]. LncRNA PVT1 could enhance CDK1 expression via sponging miR-31 in bladder cancer [40]. miR-429 has been reported as a tumor suppressive miRNA reported in several cancers [22][23][24]. Present study identified hat miR-429 was sequestered and negatively regulated by OIP5-AS1 in PDAC. Numerous researches have emphasized that miRNAs directly targeted to mRNAs, thus regulating the expression of mRNAs. Similarly, miR-429 has been reported as the upstream regulator of mRNAs, thereby functioning as a tumor suppressor [41,42]. Present study identified FOXD1 as a target of miR-429. FOXD1, located at chromosome 5q12, is a newly discovered member of the FOX transcription factor family [43] and acts as a tumor facilitator in various cancers [33,44,45]. Currently, we discovered that FOXD1 interacted with miR-429 and was positively regulated by OIP5-AS1. Besides, FOXD1 expression was negatively associated with miR-429 but positively correlated with OIP5-AS1 expression  < 0.01). b, c CCK-8 and colony formation assays detected cell proliferation under different treatments (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). d Transwell assay detected the cell migration ability under diverse conditions (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). e EMT process-related markers and ERK pathway-related proteins in corresponding PANC-1 cells were determined by western blot (**P < 0.01). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 indicated data were statistically significant Fig. 6 OIP5-ASI facilitates tumor growth in vivo. a The representative images of tumors from mice injected with OIP5-AS1-silenced PANC-1 cells or the control cells was shown. b The volume of above tumors was detected (**P < 0.01). c The weight of above tumors was quantified. d Immunohistochemistry was operated to measure Ki67 and FOXD1 expression in tumors from two groups. e Western blot assay was adopted to examine the protein level of Ki67 and FOXD1 (**P < 0.01). f-h Representative images, volume and weight of tumors derived from mice after inoculating CFPAC-1 cells with or without OIP5-AS1 overexpression (**P < 0.01). i, j The expression of Ki67 and FOXD1 in tumors in Fig. 6f was evaluated by immunohistochemistry assay and western blot (*P < 0.05). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant in PDAC tissues. Intriguingly, there are also evidences indicating the activation of FOXD1 on ERK pathway [32,46]. Our current study disclosed that OIP5-AS1 upregulated FOXD1, thereby activating ERK pathway in PDAC. Collectively, OIP5-AS1 exerted as a ceRNA to release FOXD1, thus activating ERK pathway in PDAC. Our study unmasked a novel molecular pathway in the progression of PDAC, which might provide new sight into the therapeutic strategy for PDAC.

Conclusion
OIP5-AS1 facilitated PDAC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. OIP5-AS1 regulated ERK pathway by targeting miR-429/FOXD1 axis. These findings might help to provide a therapeutic target for PDAC patients (Additional file 5: Table S2).