Table 1 Historical application of XNT

Antimicrobial

Antibacterial (Actinomyces viscosus, Porphyromona gingialis, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes), anticandidal (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii and C. parapsilosis), antifungal (Malassezia species, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus oryzae and Trichophyton mentagrophtes)

[15, 16, 19, 22–25]

Anti-inflammatory

In vitro reduced COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 levels; in vivo counteracted the effect of TPA-induced ODC, COX-2 and iNOS activation in mouse skin, and prevented IkBα degradation; blocked the neurogenic and inflammatory pain response in the formalin induced pain test in rats

[10, 17, 26, 27]

Antioxidant

Suppressed H₂O₂-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates, glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and ROS production; inhibited human LDL peroxidation

[5, 17]

Antihyperglycemic

Reduced the levels of insulin, glucose, FFA, TG in serum; reduced the size of epididymal fat pad and adipocyte; decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and CRP in adipose tissue, liver and muscle

[6]

Antihypertensive

Calcium antagonistic activity in rat uterus and thoracic aorta

[21, 28]

Antiplatelet

Inhibited platelet aggregation stimulated by arachidonic acid, collagen and ADP

[29]

Nephroprotective and hepatoprotective

Attenuated JNKs phosphorylation involved in MAPK signaling; inactivated NF-kB, AP-1; downregulated COX-2 and iNOS, reduced blood GPT and GOT levels

[30–32]

Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic

Upregulated pS2 and promoted EREs in MCF-7 cells; acted as partial antagonist hERα in T47D cells

[20, 33]