Table 5 PSCA and its function in different types of cancer

Breast

Patients n = 405

IHC

There is no correlation between PSCA protein expression and estrogen, or progesterone receptor status, but there is a strong correlation between this protein expression and Her2/neu receptor status. Also, there is no association between PSCA-protein expression and PFS or OS

[54]

Gastric

Patients and their MNGT n = 438 pairs

Western blot, IHC

PSCA acts as a tumor suppressor and has a low expression level in the GC. Low PSCA expression in GC is associated with poor prognosis and OS

[55]

Gastric

well and moderately differentiated n = 37 poorly differentiated and undifferentiated n = 63

RT qPCR

The expression of PSCA was increased in moderately and well-differentiated tumors, whereas it was reduced in poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumors and there was no significant correlation between PSCA expression and clinicopathological parameters, such as age, gender, tumor size, TNM stage, invasion, and lymph node metastasis

[56]

Pancreas

Patients n = 94

IHC, western blot

PSCA is highly expressed in PDAC, and high PSCA expression is significantly correlated with tumor size and nodal metastasis, OS and PFS

[57]

Pancreas

patients n = 40 controls n = 60

Flowcytometry

PSCA is up–regulated and 80% of subjects with pancreatic cancer show significantly elevated levels of IgGs against at least one of the three peptides of PSCA at positions 2–11, 85–95, and 109–118

[58]

Non-small cell lung cancer

Primary tumors n = 97 Metastatic lymph nodes n = 21

IHC, SiRNA against PSCA was applied to reduce its expression

PSCA is highly expressed in 97% of primary tumors and 100% of metastatic lymph nodes and their intensity is correlated with tumor stage. PSCA overexpression is negatively correlated with 5 year DFS.and DFS curves of patients with adenocarcinoma according to the PSCA expression

[59]

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines (S26, S18, 6–10B, and 5–8 F)

Knockdown and overexpression of PSCA

PSCA is a key player in NPC metastasis by serving as a downstream target of Slug to participate in the EMT. Patients with high PSCA expression in their primary tumors had better OS and DMFS rates compared with those with low PSCA expression

[60]

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

64 (EAC) and paired normal endometrium

IHC

PSCA can be a marker for screening patients over 54 years of age due to its age-related relevance and association with tumor grade and lymph node metastasis. PSCA is involved in the development and progression of EAC cancer and helps diagnose tumor malignancy, while TBX2 has a key role in PSCA up-regulation

[61]

Esophagus

300 pairs of primary ESCC tissue samples and their corresponding non-tumorous tissues

IHC

PSCA is frequently downregulated in ESCC and acts as a tumor suppressor by stabilizing and facilitating nuclear translocation of (RB1CC1). Its downregulation correlates with poor survival outcomes in ESCC

[62]

Colorectal

Patients n = 388 controls n = 496

IHC and genotyping

PSCA has no role in the initiation or progression of colorectal carcinogenesis

[63]

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Patients n = 81 controls n = 73

RT-PCR, IHC

PSCA is associated with carcinogenesis and progression of CC-RCC. A high PSCA expression level is predictive of poor survival in patients

[64]

Transitional cell carcinoma

Patients n = 142 controls n = 32

IHC

PSCA is expressed by a majority of superficial and muscle-invasive transitional cell tumors, human TCCs, particularly CIS and superficial tumors

[65]

Gestational trophoblastic

First-trimester placentas n = 10 HM that subsequently regressed n = 36 HM that developed GTN n = 11

RT-PCR, IHC

Overexpression of PSCA is associated with the development of GTN in Hydatidiform mole (HM)

[66]