Table 4 Steps involved in Rel/NF-κB activation [42].

1. Exposure to a stimulus that activates NF-κB such as UV light.

2. Degradation of IκB or its inactivation by phosphorylation by means of protein kinases (McKenzie et al., 2000).

3. Dissociation of the complex between NF-κB family members and IκB inhibitor system.

4. Translocation of NF-κB proteins to the nucleus.

5. DNA binding of NF-κB proteins.

6. Transcriptional induction by NF-κB proteins.