Cross-talk between ER stress and mitochondrial pathway mediated adriamycin-induced testicular toxicity and DA-9401 modulate adriamycin-induced apoptosis in Sprague–Dawley rats

Table 2 Effect of DA-9401 on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory in adriamycin treated male SD rats

Parameter	CTR	DA 100	ADR	ADR + DA 100	ADR + DA 200
MDA (μmol/mg protein)	6.83 ± 1.16	8.45 ± 0.70	14.75 ± 2.87*	7.99 ± 1.25⁺	3.40 ± 0.35⁺
ROS/RNS (nanomole DCF/mg protein)	458.55 ± 17.71	397.75 ± 67.78	753.61 ± 30.71*^#	300.91 ± 26.15⁺	296.65 ± 59.45⁺
SOD level (units/mg protein)	6.29 ± 0.56	6.26 ± 0.32	2.76 ± 0.10*^#	5.99 ± 0.46⁺	4.80 ± 0.13⁺
GPx (nanomoles/min/mg protein)	44.29 ± 3.72	51.47 ± 3.42	18.20 ± 1.56*^#	40.47 ± 5.08⁺	50.09 ± 3.88⁺
Catalase (nanomoles/min/mg protein)	116.88 ± 6.51	122.83 ± 9.01	65.01 ± 2.48*^#	132.21 ± 18.02⁺	112.06 ± 6.90⁺
IL-6 (pg/mg protein)	1264.93 ± 32.16	1336.43 ± 129.61	3685.30 ± 497.63*^#	1569.39 ± 370.72⁺	1341.60 ± 109.25⁺
TNF-α (pg/mg protein)	1174.73 ± 55.29	1197.43 ± 152.88	3182.75 ± 232.87*^#	1739.86 ± 182.09⁺	1590.79 ± 107.5⁺

Results are expressed as mean ± SEM
CTR, control; DA 100, DA-9401 100 mg/kg/day p.o.; ADR, adriamycin 2 mg/kg i.p. per week; ADR + DA 100, adriamycin 2 mg/kg i.p. per week + DA-9401 100 mg/kg/day p.o.; ADR + DA 200, adriamycin 2 mg/kg i.p. per week + DA-9401 200 mg/kg/day p.o. MDA, malondialdehyde; ROS/RNS, reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor- α; p.o., per oral; i.p., intraperitoneally
* P < 0.05 vs. CTR group, ^#P < 0.05 vs. DA 100 group, ⁺P < 0.05 vs. ADR group (one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test; n = 10 for each group)

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