Fig. 6

The effects of PA on ER stress, autophagy, cell viability as well as apoptosis. a The relative expression levels of CHOP, BIP, ATF6, IRE1 and PERK in cells treated with/without 4 μm α-mangostin followed 24 h incubation with/without 10 μM PA were analyzed by western blot and quantified. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. b The relative expression levels of LC3II/LC3I and P62 in cells treated with/without 4 μm α-mangostin followed 24 h incubation with/without 10 μM PA were analyzed by western blot and quantified. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. c Cells were treated with/without 4 μm α-mangostin followed 24 h incubation with/without 10 μM PA. Cell viabilities were then determined by the CCK-8 assay. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. d The percentage of apoptotic cells in each well was counted under flow cytometry. Data represented the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. e Cells were treated with/without 4 μm α-mangostin followed 24 h incubation with/without 10 μM PA and double-stained with annexin V and PI and analyzed by flow cytometry. The gate setting distinguished between living (bottom left), necrotic (top left), early apoptotic (bottom right), and late apoptotic (top right) cells