Table 1 The mechanisms of therapeutics resistance induced by MDM2 amplification and overexpression

Inhibition of cisplatin-induced apoptosis

–

Cisplatin

[18]

MDM2–p53 loop

P53↓

Cisplatin, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, 5-FU, radiotherapy

[19, 21, 23, 25, 26]

MDM2–p53 loop

P53↓, MGMT↑

Temozolomide

[20]

EMT

Invasion and migration

Chemotherapy, target therapy

[24, 39,40,41]

MDM2–p53 loop

NF-κB signaling pathway↑

TKIs

[31,32,33,34,35]

MDM2–p53 loop

P53↓, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑

TKIs

[36,37,38]

MDM2–p53 loop

VEGF↑, PDGF↑

TKIs

[42,43,44,45]

NFATc2↓

T cell activation↓

Immunotherapy

[47]

Serves as a TAA

Immunological tolerance

Immunotherapy

[48,49,50]