Fig. 2
From: Mesenchymal stem cells: a promising way in therapies of graft-versus-host disease
The mechanism of combination therapy. The mechanism of combination therapy is intricate. The potential mechanism lies in the association with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The immunosuppressive action of MSCs directly on T cells caused by LPS stimulating the TLR4 and increasing the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. By comparison, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) DSP30 also stimulated TLR9, up-regulating expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and down-regulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression