Fig. 1
From: The role of extracellular vesicles in cholangiocarcinoma
Roles of tumor cells derived exosomes in the progression of CCA. Exosomes are critically involved in CCA progression including tumorigenesis, development, immune escape and metastasis by transferring functional biomolecules. CCA cell derived exosomes induced the expression of β-catenin and decreased the expression of E-cadherin to increase motility of normal cells. CCA cell derived exosomes interact with marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to modulate the microenvironment and promote CCA growth. Moreover, CCA cell derived exosomes participate in immune escape by inhibiting the cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells