Table 1 Interaction between polyamines and oncogenes

MYC

Polyamine biosynthase genes(ODC1, AMD1, AZIN1, DHPS, EIF5A, MAT1B, SMS, SMOX, SRM); Polyamine transporters SLC3A2; eIF5A; arginase

Polyamine catabolism enzyme genes (OAZ1,OAZ2, OAZ3, PAOX and SAT1)

Activation

Polyamines promote the translation and expression of MYC

P53

SSAT

Urea cycle enzyme genes (CPS1, OTC and ARG1); ODC

Suppression

Polyamine depletion could increase the expression of p53.Spermine may activate p53 transcription by inducing autophagy

RAS

ODC

Caveolin-1, SSAT

Activation

RAF

Polyamine transport system

Polyamines can change the phosphorylation of RAF through casein kinase 2 (CK2), thus acting as inhibitors (spermine) or activators (spermidine or putrescine combined with spermine) of Raf

MEK

Cellular polyamines regulate the expression of MEK-1 at the post transcriptional level through the RNA binding protein HuR in IECs

AKT

The ODC inhibition and SSAT expression can block the activity of AKT/GSK3-β/β-catenin pathway

MTOR

MTORC1 can maintain the stability of ODC mRNA and increase the activity of AdoMetDC

In the absence of amino acids, the activity of mTORC2 is necessary for the synthesis of AZ

Activation

In the absence of amino acids, polyamines increase mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity

Rac/RhoA

Polyamine depletion leads to localization of Rac1 and RhoA in the nucleus and perinuclear region, which reduces their activity

JUN/FOS

ODC、MAT2

Activation

LIN28

Polyamines can regulate LIN28 via the tyrosine-modified eIF-5A