Table 1 Oncogenic lncRNAs in renal cell carcinoma

ANRIL

Is over-expressed in RCC tissues; interacts with CBX7 to suppress INK4a expression; promotes RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

[6, 39]

EGFR-AS1

Is upregulated in human RCC tissues and predicts poor patient prognosis; binds to HuR protein and EGFR mRNA to suppress EGFR mRNA degradation; induces RCC cell proliferation and invasion

[7]

HOTAIR

Is over-expressed in RCC tissues and predicts poor patient prognosis; up-regulates insulin growth factor-binding protein 2; competes with miR-217 to up-regulate HIF1α and AXL; induces RCC cell proliferation, migration and EMT in vitro, tumorigenicity and lung metastasis in vivo

[8, 40]

MALAT1

Is expressed at higher levels in RCC tissues and predicts poorer patient prognosis; interacts with EZH2 to suppress E-cadherin and up-regulate β-catenin; induces RCC cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis

[9]

PCAT1

Is over-expressed in human RCC tissues; acts as a sponge for miR-656 and miR-539 to up-regulate YAP; induces RCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion

[46]

H19

Is over-expressed in human RCC tissues and associated with poorer patient prognosis; binds miR-29a-3p to suppress E2F1 regulation; induces RCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration

[48, 49]

SNHG12

Is highly expressed in RCC tissues and predicts poorer patient prognosis; binds to SP1 and blocks its degradation; enhances CDCA3 gene transcription; induces RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth in vivo and resistance to sunitinib treatment

[51,52,53]

LINC00152

Is up-regulated in human RCC tissues and predicts poor patient survival; binds to miR-205, EZH2 and LSD1 proteins; induces p16 gene suppression, leading to RCC cell proliferation

[54]

LINC01094

Is over-expressed in human RCC tissues; functions as a sponge of miR-224-5p to regulate CHSY1 expression; induces RCC cell proliferation, invasion, tumor growth and metastasis

[55]

LncARSR

Is upregulated in primary renal tumor-initiating cells and associates with poor patient prognosis; induce YAP protein nuclear translocation; promotes tumor-initiating cell renewal, tumorigenicity and metastasis

[56]