Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising tool in nanomedicine with particular emphasis on oncological treatment

Sharifi-Rad, Javad; Quispe, Cristina; Butnariu, Monica; Rotariu, Lia Sanda; Sytar, Oksana; Sestito, Simona; Rapposelli, Simona; Akram, Muhammad; Iqbal, Mehwish; Krishna, Akash; Kumar, Nanjangud Venkatesh Anil; Braga, Susana S.; Cardoso, Susana M.; Jafernik, Karolina; Ekiert, Halina; Cruz-Martins, Natália; Szopa, Agnieszka; Villagran, Marcelo; Mardones, Lorena; Martorell, Miquel; Docea, Anca Oana; Calina, Daniela

doi:10.1186/s12935-021-02025-4

Cancer Cell International

Table 4 Toxicity of chitosan and chitosan derivatives in descending order of degree of deacetylation (DD)

From: Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising tool in nanomedicine with particular emphasis on oncological treatment

Chitosan proprieties (DD, MW)	Modification	Methods	IC₅₀ value	Refs.
100% DD, 100 kDa 36%	Trimethyl chitosan, chloride salt	In vitro, MCF7 cells	0.83 ± 0.325 mg/mL	[167]
100% DD, 100 kDa 36%	Trimethyl chitosan, chloride salt	In vitro, COS7 cells	> 10 mg/mL
100% DD, 152 kDa	Glycol chitosan	In vitro, B16F10 cells	2.47 ± 0.15 mg/mL
100% DD, 3–6 kDa	20, 44, 55% Trimethyl chitosan, chloride salt	In vitro, MCF7, COS7 cells	> 10 mg/mL
100% DD, 3–6 kDa	94% Trimethyl chitosan, chloride salt	In vitro, MCF7 cells	1.402 ± 0.210 mg/mL
100% DD, 3–6 kDa	94% Trimethyl chitosan, chloride salt	In vitro, COS7 cells	2.207 ± 0.381 mg/mL
97% DD, 65 kDa	N-octyl-O-sulphate	In vivo, i.v., mice	102.59 mg/kg	[168]
97% DD, 65 kDa	N-octyl-O-sulphate	In vivo, i.p., mice	130.53 mg/kg
97% DD, 65 kDa	N-octyl-O-sulphate	In vitro, primary rat hepatocytes	> 200 mg/mL
95% DD, 18.7 kDa	Steric acid conjugation micelle	In vitro, A549 cells	369 ± 27 μg/mL	[169]
95% DD, 18.7 kDa	Steric acid conjugation and entrapment in micelle	In vitro, A549 cells	234 ± 9 μg/mL	[169]
87% DD, 20, 45, 200, 460 kDa	None, Lactic acid salt	In vitro, Caco-2 cells	0.38 ± 0.13, 0.31 ± 0.06, 0.34 ± 0.04, 0.37 ± 0.08 mg/mL	[170]
87% DD, 20, 45, 200, 460 kDa	None, hydrochloride salt		0.23 ± 0.13, 0.22 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.08, 0.23 ± 0.08 mg/mL
87% DD, 20, 45, 200, 460 kDa	None, glutamic acid salt		0.56 ± 0.10, 0.48 ± 0.07, 0.35 ± 0.06, 0.46 ± 0.06 mg/mL
87% DD, 20, 45, 200, 460 kDa	None, aspartic acid salt		0.67 ± 0.24, 0.61 ± 0.10, 0.65 ± 0.20, 0.72 ± 0.16 mg/mL
85% DD, 60–90 kDa	None, hydrochloric acid salt	In vitro, B16F10 cells	2.24 ± 0.16 mg/mL	[171]
84.7% DD, 400, 100, 50, 25, 5 kDa	40% Trimethyl chitosan	In vitro, L929 cells	> 1000 μg/mL	[172]
84.7% DD, 300 kDa	6.44% PEG-modified 40% trimethyl chitosan (and all PEG-modified TMC with lower Mw)		> 500 μg/mL
84.7% DD, 3.6 MDa	25.7%PEG modified 40% trimethyl chitosan		370 μg/mL
84.7% DD, 1.89 MDa	12% PEG modified 40% trimethyl chitosan		220 μg/mL
81% DD, 100–130 kDa	None, hydrochloric acid salt	In vitro, B16F10 cells	0.21 ± 0.04 mg/mL	[171]
78% DD, 80% DD, 60–90 kDa	None, glutamic acid salt		2.47 ± 0.14 mg/mL
77% DD, 180–230 kDa	None, lactic acid salt		1.73 ± 1.39 mg/mL

DD degree of deacetylation, MW molecular weight

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