Fig. 2

Bufalin (25, 50, and 100 nM) treatment for 24 h induces DNA damage and arrests the cell cycle in the S phase. A Proportion of cells in each phase of the cell cycle after bufalin treatment (n = 3). B Detection of DNA damage and cell cycle-related proteins by western blotting (n = 3). The Y axis shows the normalized values. C Detection of the mRNA levels of S-phase DNA damage-related genes (n = 3). The Y axis shows the normalized values. P values were determined using one-way ANOVA. The relative expression value for each sample is shown along with the mean ± SD for each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with DMSO control