Fig. 5
Underlying mechanism of the regulation of ferroptosis in urological cancer cells. Transferrin with Fe3+ combines with TFRC enters the cell by endocytosis. Then, ferrous iron (Fe2+) is released into the cytoplasm through the Fenton reaction. Iron uptake, along with lipid metabolism abnormity, increases the ROS production, causing lipid peroxidation. GPX4 is a negative regulator of ROS. Intracellular iron overload and ROS accumulation induce ferroptosis. Ferroptosis leads to the aberrant expression of the related genes, resulting in dysregulation of the relevant signaling pathways, oxidative stress reaction, and mitochondria dysfunction. ROS reactive oxygen species, LOX lipoxygenase, GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4, TFRC transferrin receptor