Table 1 The baseline and clinicopathological characteristics of eligible patients in the discovery and validation cohorts
Variables | Â | Discovery cohort | Validation cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colorectal benign polyps (694) | Early-stage colorectal cancer (512) | p value | Colorectal benign polyps (201) | Early-stage colorectal cancer (202) | p value | ||
N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | ||||
Gender | Male | 433(62.39%) | 312(60.94%) |  < 0.001 | 139(69.15%) | 115(56.93%) | 0.011 |
| Â | Female | 261(37.61%) | 200(39.06%) | 62(30.85%) | 87(43.07%) | ||
Age |  < 60 | 410(59.08%) | 238(46.48%) |  < 0.001 | 108(53.73%) | 110(54.46%) | 0.884 |
|  |  ≥ 60 | 284(40.92%) | 274(53.52%) | 93(46.27%) | 92(45.54%) | ||
Smoking | Yes | 152(21.90%) | 100(19.53%) | 0.317 | 31(15.42%) | 32(15.84%) | 0.908 |
| Â | No | 542(78.10%) | 412(80.47%) | 170(84.58%) | 170(84.16%) | ||
Drinking | Yes | 114(16.43%) | 77(15.04%) | 0.514 | 30(14.93%) | 27(13.37%) | 0.653 |
| Â | No | 580(83.57%) | 435(84.96%) | 171(85.07%) | 175(86.63%) | ||
Diabetes | Yes | 46(6.63%) | 37(7.23%) | 0.685 | 16(7.96%) | 14(6.93%) | 0.694 |
| Â | No | 648(93.37%) | 475(92.77%) | 185(92.04%) | 188(93.07%) | ||
Hypertension | Yes | 136(19.60%) | 101(19.73%) | 0.955 | 36(17.91%) | 36(17.82%) | 0.981 |
| Â | No | 558(80.40%) | 411 (80.27%) | 165(82.09%) | 166(82.18%) | ||
TNM stage | I | – | 110(21.48%) |  | – | 49(24.26%) |  |
|  | II | – | 402(78.52%) |  | – | 153(75.74%) |  |
T stage | T1–2 | – | 110(21.48%) |  | – | 52(25.74%) |  |
|  | T3–4 | – | 402(78.52%) |  | – | 150(74.26%) |  |
Differentiation | G1–2 | – | 488(95.31%) |  | – | – |  |
|  | G3–4 | – | 24(4.69%) |  | – | – |  |
Radical surgery | Yes | – | 512(100%) |  | – | 202(100%) |  |
Chemotherapy | Yes | – | 382(74.61%) |  | – | 118(58.42%) |  |
No | – | 130(25.39%) |  | – | 84(41.58%) |  | |
CEA (> 5 ng/mL) |  < 5 | 676(97.41%) | 389(75.98%) |  < 0.001 | 198(98.51%) | 145(71.78%) |  < 0.001 |
 ≥ 5 | 18(2.59%) | 123(24.02%) | 3(1.49%) | 57(28.22%) | |||
CA19-9 (> 37U/mL) |  < 37 | 657(94.67%) | 442(86.33%) |  < 0.001 | 197(98.01%) | 176(87.13%) |  < 0.001 |
 ≥ 37 | 37(5.33%) | 70(13.67%) | 4(1.99%) | 26(12.87%) | |||
Fib (g/L) |  | 2.45(2.10–2.81) | 3.05(2.55–3.60) |  < 0.001 | 2.51(2.18–2.99) | 3.07(2.54–3.83) |  < 0.001 |
Alb(g/L) |  | 42.00(39.74–44.10) | 40.68(38.50–42.64) |  < 0.001 | 41.73(39.72–44.13) | 40.72(37.79–43.63) |  < 0.001 |
preAlb (mg/L) |  | 261.72(218.74–305.10) | 210.73(168.60–259.22) |  < 0.001 | 246.26(197.07–287.97) | 181.40(135.45–229.21) |  < 0.001 |
AFR |  | 17.11(14.87–20.02) | 13.26(10.98–15.86) |  < 0.001 | 16.37(14.37–19.39) | 13.40(10.09–16.13) |  < 0.001 |
FPR |  | 9.54(7.68–11.72) | 14.50(10.87–19.11) |  < 0.001 | 10.72(8.34–13.75) | 17.05(12.12–26.41) |  < 0.001 |