Fig. 8
Long-term omeprazole use possible induces mutagenic, apoptoses and necroses effects through oxidative stress induction that can lead to micronuclei formation andother nuclear alterations indicative of cytotoxicity and apoptosis; several cellular mechanisms induce cell regulation and activation of signaling cascades for cell death (apoptosis or necrosis), or, conversely, induce cell proliferation, metastasis, resistance to apoptosis and angiogenesis as a consequence of genetic instability. (ATP-adenosine triphosphate; CAT-catalase; IκBα, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha; NF-κB-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; OS-oxidative stress; SOD-superoxide dismutase)