Fig. 2

ESCC cell-derived exosomes induce M2 polarization of macrophages. a Exosome structure was clearly observed using transmission electron microscopy. b Exosomal size distribution and concentration were quantified using nanoparticle tracking analysis. c CD63 and CD81 expression in ESCC cell-derived exosomes was detected using western blot. d THP-1 cells were subjected to PMA treatment to obtain macrophages. e Scanning confocal microscopy images demonstrating that exosomes were internalized by macrophages. f, g Expression of M2 markers (CD206, IL-10, CD163, and Arginase-1) in macrophages incubated with exosomes was measured using flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01