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Fig. 2 | Cancer Cell International

Fig. 2

From: Cancer-associated fibroblasts and resistance to anticancer therapies: status, mechanisms, and countermeasures

Fig. 2

The original and functional heterogeneity of CAFs in tumor progression. CAFs originate from structural and functional alternations of heterogeneous cell populations upon the influence of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. CAFs can either promote (red section) or suppress (blue section) cancer progression through multiple mechanisms by secreting numerous cell growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. BMP bone morphogenetic protein; CAF cancer-associated fibroblast; CSC cancer stem cell; CXCL C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; FGF fibroblast growth factor; IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IL interleukin; MMP matrix metallopeptidase; MSC mesenchymal stem cell; PDGF platelet-derived growth factor; PD-L1 programmed cell death ligand 1; PGE2 prostaglandin E2; TGF transforming growth factor; VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor

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Cancer Cell International

ISSN: 1475-2867

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