Table 1 Examples of gene mutations implicated in glioma

1p/19q

Deleting long arm of Ch. 19 and short arm Ch. 1

Oligodendrogliomas

360 patients

II, III

12.5%

[194]

Atrx

Deletion

Low grade and secondary GBM and

Glioma patients

I, II

2.42%

[195]

BRAF

Fusion gene KIAA1549:BRAF

Pilocytic Astrocytomas

–

III

8.47%

[196]

CDK4

Amplification

Proneural

–

IV

3.19%

[197]

IDH

Missense mutation at arginine 132 or 172

Secondary glioblastoma and oligodendrogliomas

149 GBMs

II, III, IV

25.88%

[194]

MET

Amplification

Mesenchymal

Glioma patients

III, IV

3.12%

[198]

MGMT

Promoter methylation

Glioblastoma and Low–Grade Gliomas

52 patients

I, II

3.21%

[197]

NF1

Deletion

Mesenchymal and Pilocytic Astrocytoma

–

I

14.96%

[197]

PDGFR

Amplification

Proneural

GBM patients

–

7.66%

[199]

PTEN

Deletion

Glioblastoma

–

IV

21.97%

[197]

PI3K

Activation mutation

Glioblastoma

–

IV

14.7%

[197]

TERT

Promoter methylation

Primary GBM and Oligodendroglioma

3,477 patients

II, III

32%

[200]

H3F3A

H3‑K27 trimethylation

Pediatric (children)

Glioma patients

IV

3.69%

[195]