Table 3 The functions of PTEN-containing exosomes in GBM cell

HMGB1

–

Up

HMGB1 has various functions depending on where it is found: as an extracellular protein, it downregulates SASH1, whereas as an exosomal protein, it upregulates SASH1

SASH1

[223]

IL-8, PDGFs, caveolin 1, and lysyl oxidase

Glioma patient

Up

During tumor progression, the exosomal pathway could be a possible target for induction of hypoxia-dependent intercellular signaling

[61]

L1CAM

Human T98G GBM cell line

Up

Cell movement, growth, and invasiveness are all increased

FGFR, FAK

[224]

STC1, STC2

Human malignant glioma U373MG cells

Up

Cell immigration is induced in a hypoxia-dependent way

[225]

EGFRvIII

Human astrocytoma (U373vIII)

Up

-

CD44, BSG, CD151, CD81

and CD82

[14]

VEGF-A

Human glioma cell lines (U87, U251)

Up

In vitro by disrupting expression of claudin-5 and occluding permeability of BBB could be increased; exosomes, which are generated by GBM in hypoxic conditions, could stay active and make BBB to be more permeable according to in vivo study

claudin-5 and occluding

[226]

CRYAB

U373 glioma cells

Up

cryAB are generated and released via exosomes by U373 glioma cells both the amount of cryAB in cell and released levels by exosomes in cells are remarkably elevated when induced by IL-1β and TNF-α

[227]

PTRF

Clinical glioma samples (tissue and serum)

Up

In vitro proliferation of cell and generation of exosomes are stimulated when PTRF are over expressed. In cancer tissue and exosomes separated from glioma patients, positive linked between grade of tumor and expression of PTRF have been shown

Cavin1

[228]

IL13Rα2, IL13QD

Glioma stem cells

Up

It has been proved that there is special binding between exosomes generated by tumor and IL13QD

[229]

CAV1

Glioblastoma U87 cells

Up

It seems that exosome uptake reliant on the presence of an intact ERK1/2-HSP27 complex. CAV1 had a negative impact on ERK1/2 phosphorylationduring exosome internalization

p-ERK1/2

[230]

CLIC1

GBM cell lines

Up

CLIC1 which are generated by GBM-derived CSCs or cell lines is released through exosomes is a protein in blood

GFP, FLAG-tagged

[231]

TrkB

GBM cell lines

Up

In regulation of GBM development and invasiveness has a vital role

YKL-40

[232]

N-glycoproteins

Human plasma

Up

in exosomes which isolated from sera of both healthy and patients with glioma 180 different N-glycoproteinswere enriched and recognized which correspond to 329 N-glycosylation sites

Glycopeptide

[233]

LOX, ADAMTS1,

TSP1, VEGF

Human glioma cell line, U87MG

Up

Expression of various genes in recipient glioma cells are stimulated

KCNJ3

[234]