Table 2 ncRNA-containing extracellular vesicles and chemoresistance in HCC

Exosomal-miRNAs

miR-9-3p

Down-regulation

HBGF-5

Reduced HCC proliferation via ERK1/2 level

[78]

miR-490

Down-regulation

ERK1/2

Reduced HCC metastasis via EGFR/Akt axis

[79]

miR-320a

Down-regulation

EMT, CDK2, MMP2

Reduced PBX3 mediated ERK1/2 axis

[80]

miR-122

Down-regulation

Sorafenib

Induced drug sensitivity via CCNG1, ADAM10 and IGF1R

[81]

miR-1247-3p

Up-regulation

CAFs and lung metastasis

Induced B4GALT3/β1-integrin-NFκB axis

[83]

miR-21 and miR-10b

Up-regulation

Angiogenesis

Induced HCC proliferation and metastasis via HIF-1α and HIF-2α

[84]

miR-32-5p

Up-regulation

Sorafenib, Oxaliplatin, 5-FU, Gemcitabine

Induced MDR via PTEN/PI3K/Akt axis

[85]

Exosomal-lncRNAs

Lnc-ATB

Up-regulation

Sorafenib

Elevated miR-21 and poor TMN stage

[86]

Linc-00635 and Lnc-ENSG00000258332.1

Up-regulation

lymph node metastasis, portal vein tumor emboli

Unfavorable TMN stage and OS

[87]

Lnc-RP11-513I15.6

Up-regulation

RAB11A

Induced HCC progression via sponging miR-1262

[88]

Lnc-H19

Up-regulation

Doxorubicin

Induced CD90⁺ HCC angiogenesis

[35]

Exosomal-circRNAs

Circ-UHRF1

Up-regulation

ICIs

Induced NKs exhaustion and PD-1 level via sponging miR-499c-5p

[89]

MVs-lncRNAs

Lnc-TUC339

Up-regulation

HCC cell behavior

Reduced cell adhesion and induced HCC growth

[90]

Linc-ROR

Up-regulation

Sorafenib

Reduced apoptosis via TGF-β signaling

[91]