Table 6 Role of PI3K/AKT pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

–

SCC-4, SCC-9, SCC-25, FaDu, UM-SCC-22A

Chloroquine (CQ)

0–30 µM

MAP1LC3B, SQSTM1

PI3K/AKT,

mTOR

PI3K/AKT/mTOR autophagy pathway could be blocked by CQ that had an inhibitory effect on HNSCC proliferation

[43]

114 pairs of HNSCC and adjacent normal tissues

FaDu, Cal-27, SCC4, SCC9, HaCaT

–

–

RNA FKBP9P1

PI3K/AKT

Silencing expression of RNA FKBP9P1 via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway can constrain the progression of HNSCC

[38]

–

Fadu, SSC-9,

SSC-25, OSC-19, Cal-27, HOK

–

–

Profilin 2 (PFN-2), GSK-3β, β-catenin

PI3K/AKT

PFN2 via activating the PI3K/AKT/β-catenin pathway could promote the proliferation and metastasis of HNSCC

[39]

–

FaDu, Cal27, SCC25, HN4

Osthole

0–240 µM

PTEN, Cdc2, Cyclin-B1, Bcl-2, Bax, PARP1, Survivin, Caspase3/9

PI3K/AKT

Osthole via suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway could have an anti-tumor effect on HNSCC

[41]

Male BALB/cAJcl-nu/nu nude mice

HSC-3 shDKK3, HSC-3 shScr

–

–

DKK3, β-catenin, GSK-3β, p55, PDK1, p38, TGF-β

PI3K/AKT, mTOR, MAPK

DKK3 via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways could increase the malignant properties of HNSCC

[40]

Female BALB/C nude, HNSCC (n = 298), NCLM (n = 98)

FaDu, 293 T,

AMC-HN-8,

Tca-8113, Cal-27

–

–

STC2, Snail, Vimentin,

E-cadherin

PI3K/AKT

STC2 via the PI3K/AKT/Snail pathway can promote HNSCC metastasis, proliferation, and tumoral cell growths

[44]

–

OSC-20, HEEC,

SNU-1076, HSC-3,

Ca9-22

–

–

HPIP

PI3K/AKT

Knockdown of HPIP via suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway can inhibit invasion, proliferation, and invasion of HNSCC

[45]

HNSCC (n = 36), Female C57BL/6 mice

PBMC, TIL

–

–

Tim-3

PI3K/AKT

Adaptive resistance to anti-programmed death-1 (PD1) therapy through up-regulating Tim-3 could be mediated via the PI3K/AKT pathway

[42]

HNSCC (n = 36)

Tu686, 5-8F

–

–

Metadherin (MTDH),

VEGF

PI3K/AKT

MTDH could regulate VEGF expression via the PI3K/AKT pathway, resulting in HNSCC metastasis and angiogenesis

[46]